A case with part picture agnosia accompanied other cognitive dysfunctions after hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy was reported.

The purpose of this study was to provide standards for healthy people performance on a Chinese version of the LOTCA.Fifty four the healthy and twenty five CVA patients participated in this study.The study was conducted in three phases.In phase one,the healthy subjects were assessed with the original version of the LOTCA.In phase two,the subjects who had made mistake in recognition of a typewriter for English in the sub test one,the healthy subjects were assessed with the original version of the LOTCA.In phase two,the subjects who had made mistake in recognition of a typewriter for English in the sub test of Categorization or had not known it at all were reassessed by the revised sub test of Categorization.In phase three,the LOTCA was administered to CVA patients.The results show significant differences between the healthy people and CVA patients.The score on the sub test of Categorization of the original version of LOTCA was much less than perfect,however the results of revised Categorization test was consistent with that from Katz et al.The results also show that years of education were related to perceptual cognitive performance.The LOTCA is a feasible and valuable tool,and is recommended for these individuals who has problems with cognition and perception.

Objective To study the effect of lesion level and completeness on activities of daily living(ADL) of patients with spinal cord injury(SCI).Methods The functional status of 313 SCI patients were assessed using the Functional Independence Measurement(FIM),and FIM scores were calculated for statistical analysis with different lesion levels and completeness.Results FIM scores presented significant differences among cervical-level group,thoracic-level group and lumbar-level group(P<0.05～0.01).Patient with a high lesion level had lower FIM score.In the same lesion level group,FIM scores presented significant differences between the incomplete SCI patients and the complete ones(P<0.05～0.01).However,the lumbar lesion patients had no significant differences in FIM score between the complete group and the incomplete group(P>0.05).Conclusion FIM can objectively reflect the ADL level in SCI patients with different lesion level and completeness.

Objective To investigate errors and mechanism of acalculia in patients with brain injury.Methods Forty patients with brain injury and forty-eight normal adults who were matched in age and years of education were tested with EC301 standardized battery. Patients were divided into the left-brain damaged (LBD) group (n=20), right-brain damaged (RBD) group (n=9) and bilateral brain damaged (BBD) group (n=11). The data of all subjects were statistical analyzed.Results Both total scores and scores of 27 out of 31 items were remarkable lower in patients than those in the normal control group ( P<0.05). The total scores and items' scores for number sequences, numerical transcodings were significantly lower in LBD group than those in RBD group ( P<0.05). Total scores and each items' score did not significantly differ between BBD group and LBD group, or between BBD group and RBD group ( P>0.05).Conclusion The abilities of number processing and calculation are impaired in patients with brain injury. There is either association or dissociation in terms of performance of acalculia and aphasia in LBD patients. Visuospatial impairment is related to performance of acalculia in RBD patients.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of executive function in patients with brain injury. Methods From March 1st, to June 30th, 2015, 44 patients with brain injury were investigated with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the indexes including Responses Answer, Categories Completed, Correct Responses, Errors Responses, Trials to Complete First Category, Percent Conceptual Level Respons-es Percentage, Perseverative Responses Errors, Nonperseverative Responses Errors, Failure to Maintain Set, and Learning to Learn. Results The abnormal rates were the most in Nonperseverative Responses Errors and Percent Conceptual Level Responses Percentage (61.36%), and then in Responses Answer/Categories Completed/Correct Responses (59.09%), Correct Responses (43.18%), Trials to Complete First Category (38.64%), Perseverative Errors (29.51%), Learning to Learn (25.00%), and Failure to Maintain Set (9.09%). The patients with trau-matic brain injury were different from those with stroke in Responses Answer, Errors Responses, Perseverative Responses Errors, Catego-ries Completed, Percent Conceptual Level Responses Percentage, and Learning to Learn (Z>2.444, t>2.156, P<0.05). The patients injured in frontal lobe were different from those in other areas in Perseverative Responses Errors (t=2.595, P=0.015). Conclusion Executive function damaged generally in patients with brain injury, which related to concentration, abstract, shifting attention, working memory, etc. The frontal lobe damage may associate with the disorder of shifting attention.

AIM: To observe the changes in infiltrating macrophages (M?)and extracellular matrix (ECM) in the kidney in the progressive course of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN). METHODS: NTN model was established with rabbit-anti-rat nephrotoxic serum. On day 3, 7, 15, 30 and 90, renal biopsies were performed. Renal histology was checked under light microscopy with HE and Masson's trichrome staining sections. M?, fibronectin (FN), type Ⅲ and Ⅳ collagen were examined with immunohistochemistry ABC method. RESULTS: Infiltration of M? appeared on day 3 of NTN and preceded changes of FN and collagen. On day 15 of NTN, all nephritic animals had significant proteinuria, increased serum creatinine, infiltration of M? and deposit of entracellular matrix. On day 90 of NTN, seven nephritic animals improved significantly, while other five developed renal scarring with diffuse infiltration of M? which positively paralleled to renal function and deposit of FN, type Ⅲ and Ⅳ collagen. CONCLUSION: M? infiltrating into renal tissue enhances deposit of ECM and therefore plays important roles in progression or improvement of NTN.

AIM: To observe the dynamic changes of expression of PKC? , TGF-? 1 and ?-SMA in glomeruli of diabetic rats induced by the alloxon and to invesitigate their roles in the diabetic nephropathy(DN). METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group (group A), diabetic group of one week (group B), diabetic group of one month (group C), diabetic group of two months (group D). Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of PKC?, TGF-? 1 and ?-SMA in renal tissue of all groups. Blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine and urine protein were analysed by chemical methods. The morphological changes of renal tissue were checked through microscopy. RESULTS: The expression of PKC? and TGF-? 1 in renal tissue of diabetic groups were increased comparing with those of nomal control group( P

AIM: To observe the expression of transforming growth factor ? 1 (TGF-? 1), MAPK 1/3 and fibronectin (FN) in the development of renal tubulointerstitial disease. METHODS: Wistar male rats were randomly divided into normal control group, diabetic group of 1week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Diabetic model was induced by peritoneal injection of streptozotocin. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression of TGF-? 1, MAPK 1/3 and FN in the kidney. TGF-? 1 protein in the renal cortex was checked by Western blot. BG, Scr and UP were analysed by biochemical methods, and the morphological changes in renal tubulointerstitium were also examined under microscopy on sections stained with HE and PAS. RESULTS: The expression of MAPK 1/3 and FN was observed, but not the expression of TGF-? 1 in normal renal tissue. Positive staining of TGF-? 1 was observed in the renal tubulo-interstitium in 1-week diabetic group and thereafter it increased in the course of diabetes. A continuous increase in the expression of MAPK 1/3 and FN was also observed in two - week diabetic rats. Chronologically the expression of TGF-? 1,MAPK 1/3 and FN and the ratio of KW/BW were positively correlative with each other in diabetic animals except one -week diabetic rats. There was also a positive correlation between MAPK 1/3 and FN in l -week diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that TGF-? 1 appears in the renal tubulointerstitium in early period of diabetes and then its signal is mediated by MAPK 1/3 cascades to accelerate production of FN ,and in turn leads to renal hypertrophy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. [

Objective To analyze the reliability and validity of Revised EC301Calculation and Number Processing Battery in Chinese version (EC301-CR); To establish diagnostic criteria by EC301-CR for acalculia in order to provide an effective assessment tool clinically. Methods The items of EC301were adjusted. 103 patients with acquired brain injury and 37 normal controls were randomly selected. 24 normal controls randomly selected were retested 6 weeks latter. Results The Cronbach's coefficient, the split-half reliability and the retest reliability coefficients were 0.907, 0.744, and 0.965, respectively. The correlation coefficient within subscales was more than the correlation coefficient between subscales. 4 first-order factors were extracted which accounted for 69.359% of the accumulated variance, which were mental calculation, number transcoding, written calculation and approximation, and understanding of numbers. Control data (n=37) showed that the P10 of EC301-CR was 222.6. Conclusion The critical value of acalculia is 222.6 in EC301-CR test. Psychometric properties analysis shows that EC301-CR is a reliable and validated instrument for acalculia.

ObjectiveTo determine whether aphasia has effect on the degree of cognitive disorder for the patients with brain injury, so that prognosis can be determined. MethodsThere are 35 cases of patients with brain injury and they are divided into two groups by aphasia screening test with aphasia and without aphasia. Those with cognitial capacity screening examination(CCSE) and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment Battery(LOTCA) are examined. ResultThe result is that there is significant differences between these two groups of patents. ConclusionThe patients with brain injury who complecated with aphasia had worse cognitive disorder.