The appearance and changes of Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) in the brains of 62 rats from early embryos to adults were studied by histochemical method and the brains of 19 rats of corresponding stages were examined with Nissl stain. The main results are as follows:1. AChE appeared in the following sequence: spinal cord, myelencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon and finally in telencephalon. In telencephaIon, AChE appeared earlier in paleocortex than in neocortex. The sequence described above showed that the appearance of AChE reflects cephalization of the nervous system in the rat.2. AChE-positive neurons of the rat brain consisted of cholinergic neurons and cholinoceptive ceils, both of which are related to the neurotransmitter ACh.3. The following nuclei of adult rat brain were shown to be AchE-positive in our specimens, but had not been reported in available literature: n. tractus mesencephali, n. anterior dorsalis thalami, n. anterior ventralis thalami, n. lateralis thalami, n. habenulae lateralis, n. reticularis thalami, n. supraopticus, n. paraventricularis, n. parafascicularis and n. ruber. In the cerebral cortex very few positive cells have been noticed.

Objective To analyse the epidemic characteristics and control measures of malaria in Jiangsu Province during the past fifty years, evaluate the control effect and explore the current appropriate control strategy and measures. Methods The historical data about malaria cases and control measures from 1951 to 2008 in Jiangsu Province were collected, and the effects of malaria control in different stages were assessed. Results The integrated control measures with emphasis on the control of infectious source were adopted during the stage of two outbreaks of malaria. In the stage of basical elimination of malaria, the comprehensive measures with emphasis on the vector control in the areas of Anopheles anthropophagus were adopted, and the measures with emphasis on the surveillance of infectious source surveillance and early treatment of malaria in other areas were adopted. In the stage of consolidation, the measures including the surveillance of infectious source and management, surveillance of vector and epidemic situation, management of floating population, etc, were adopted. The malaria incidence dropped from 2 495/10 000 in 1960 to 0.09/10 000 in 2008, and was under 1/10 000 in all the counties of Jiangsu Province during the past 2 years, which demonstrated the various measures were feasible and effective in different stages of malaria. Conclusions Malaria has been controlled effectively in Jiangsu Province, however, the improvement of early diagnosis and norm treatment of malaria cases, the enhancement of health education and promotion, as well as the malaria surveillance and management among floating population, are still necessary for achieving the goal of malaria elimination.

Objective To observe the residual effect of Demand CS - impregnated bednets to Anopheles sinensis.Methods The numbers of adult mosquitoes which were knocked down at every minute after treatment were observed by using the enforced contact method recommended by WHO,and the mortality of mosquitoes tested after 24 h was calculated.Results The Kt_(50) of Demand CS - impregnated bednets with impregnations concentrations of 10,15,20 mg/m~2 to Anopheles sineasis were 21.40,16.20,15.70 min,respectively,and the 24 h mortality was 100%.The Kt_(50) of Responsar SC (12.5 % Beta - cyfluthrin) impregnated bednets with a impregnation concentration of 15 mg/m~2 to Anopheles sinensis was 16.06 min,and the 24 h mortality was 100%,too.Conclusions Both the Demand CS - impregnated bednets and the Responsar SC impregnated bednets can kill Anopheles sinensis.

Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2013,so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting effective malaria elimination strategies and measures. Methods The re-ported malaria cases from the Internet Reporting System and the epidemiological data of malaria in Jiangsu Province were collect-ed and analyzed. Results A total of 341 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2013 with the incidence of 0.050/10 000,which increased by 72.22% compared with that in 2012(198 cases). All the cases were imported from other countries including one infected by blood transfusion resulted from imported infection. The cases were mainly distributed in Li-anyungang City(15.84%,54 cases),Nantong City(14.08%,48 cases),Yangzhou City(14.08%,48 cases),Huaian City (11.44%,39 cases)and Yancheng City(8.50%,29 cases). All the cases were confirmed in Jiangsu Provincial Reference Labo-ratory and there were 286 cases of Plasmodium falciparum,8 cases of P. vivax,9 cases of P. malariae,30 cases of P. ovale and 8 cases of mixed infections. Conclusions There were no local malaria cases reported from Jiangsu Province in the last two years which reflected effective achievements of malaria elimination. However,the situation of imported malaria is more serious and the species of infected plasmodium are more diverse. Imported malaria from other countries remains the key of malaria con-trol in Jiangsu Province.

Objective To establish a fast and sensitive method to detect Plasmodium sporozoites in mosquitoes. Methods Anopheles anthropophagus (An.a) artificially infected with Plasmodium vivax (P.v), Anopheles dirus (An.d) infected with Plasmodium falciparum (P.f) and both of P.v and P.f, field mosquitoes of Anopheles sinensis (An.s) captured in epidemic seasons were detected by nested-PCR. Results The results of 28 batches of An.a infected with P.v, 2 batches of An.d with P.f and 1 batch of An.d mixed with P.v and P.f by nested-PCR were accorded with the microscopical examination absolutely. Two positives of 589 An.s field mosquitoes were discovered with a positive rate of 0.34%. Conclusion The nested-PCR is fast and sensitive for detecting different species of Plasmodium in mosquitoes.

Objective To understand the resistance of Anopheles vectors to pyrethroid after several years mosquito control with the impregnated bed net method. Methods The resistant level was measured by the tentative diagnostic dose and degree method of China combined with the standard methods of WHO. Results In the area after more than 5 years mosquito control with the impregnated bed net method, An.sinensis had initial resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin. However, An.anthropophagus did not be captured. In the area after less than 5 years mosquito control with the impregnated bed net method, both An. sinensis and An.anthropophagus were susceptive to deltamethrin and permethrin. Conclusion In this research, no resistance of An.anthropophagus to deltamethrin and permethrin has been found. An.sinensis has initial resistance to them. So we must pay more attention to monitor the resistance in future malaria control programs.

Objective To discuss the malaria control strategy and its effects in different stages during past 30 years, and search anti-malaria measures fit for the current situation. Methods The historical anti-malaria and epidemical data in Jiangsu Province during the past 30 years were collected and analyzed. Results 6216128 malaria cases were reported in the province in 1973, and the incidence was 1136.34/10000. Through the five anti-malaria stages in past 30 years, the epidemic has been effectively controlled gradually. Six hundred and thirty-eight malaria cases were reported in the province in 2003, and no individual locally infected with P.falciparum was found for 16 successive years. Conclusion The anti-malaria strategy of the five stages is basically suitable for the actual situation of malaria control in Jiangsu Province.

Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2012,so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting effective malaria elimination strategies and measures. Methods The reported malaria cases from the Internet Reporting System and the epidemiological data of malaria in Jiangsu Province were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 198 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2012 with the incidence of 0.026/10 000, which decreased by 47.06%compared with that in 2011(374 cases). A total of 198 malaria cases were reported from 13 prefec-tures of Jiangsu and the cases were mainly distributed in Yangzhou(34 cases),Nantong(31 cases),Nanjing(22 cases),Tai-zhou(21 cases),Xuzhou(17 cases)and Huaian(17 cases),which accounted for 71.72%(142/198)among the total cases of the province. There were no local malaria cases reported from Jiangsu in 2012,and the imported malaria cases from other countries de-creased by 45.15%compared with that in 2011. Conclusions For the first time,there are no local malaria cases reported from Ji-angsu in 2012. However,the imported case distribution is further expanded and the infected plasmodium parasites are more di-verse. Imported malaria from other countries remains the key for malaria control in Jiangsu Province.

Objective To understand the integrated ability of parasitic disease prevention and control of professional person-nel of Jiangsu Province through the contest. Methods Totally 56 players from the whole province were selected,and all the players participated in the contest. The theory knowledge and skill scores were collected and the statistical analyses were con-ducted. Results The average theoretical score of the participants was 88.86±15.56 and the passing rate was 91.1％. The aver-age skill operating score was 69.16 ± 16.01 and the passing rate was 67.9％. The average Plasmodium microscopy score was 16.54±8.09 and the passing rate was 50％. The average helminth egg microscopy score was 34.27±10.66 and the passing rate was 67.9％. There were statistical differences among the age groups and different levels of schistosomiasis endemic situation (F =5.10,6.39,both P<0.01). The theoretical knowledge including schistosomiasis,malaria,hydatid disease and others and the score rates were 91.07％,90.94％,85.83％and 90.93％,respectively. The hydatid disease score rate was lower(χ2=19.17, P<0.01). The radar chart displayed that the score rates of tabletting and microscopy test in Kato-Katz film production ,malaria blood film production and microscopy test were all low. Conclusion In Jiangsu Province,the participants have higher score in the theory test. However,they have lower skill test score,especially in the parasite species identification. The operational skills still need to be strengthened for center for disease control(CDC)participants.

Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2015,so as to provide the evidence for malaria elimination. Methods The data of malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2015 were collected from China's routine diseases surveillance information system. Results Totally 405 imported cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2015,and the cases increased by 14.08％compared with those in 2014. All the malaria cases were imported,and 5 cases(1.23％)were from Southeast Asia and 400(98.77％)were from 25 African countries or regions. The imported malaria cases were reported in 13 cities across Jiangsu Province,where Taizhou,Lianyungang,Nantong,Huaian and Yangzhou cities accounted for 68.64％of all the cases in the province. Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases(JIPD)reference lab checked all the cases and classified 299 falciparum malaria cases,13 vivax malaria cases,18 quartan malaria cases,71 ovale malaria cas-es,and 4 mixed Plasmodium infection cases. Conclusions In Jiangsu Province,there are no local malaria cases for 4 consecu-tive years,but the imported cases are on the rise. Compared to 2014,the imported vivax cases increased significantly in 2015. It should be the key points to strengthen the surveillance of imported malaria cases,improve malaria diagnosis and treatment abili-ties for all levels of medical institutions,and promote the abilities of Plasmodium check,and focus survey and disposal of all Center for Disease Control(CDC)staffs across Jiangsu Province.