Objective To study the effect of extracts of Smilax china L. on inhibition the experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH) , and screen the effective fraction. Methods The BPH model was built on the castrated rats by subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate. Male rats were randomly divided into eight groups ( n=6 ):sham operation, model control, petroleum ether fraction, acetic ether fraction, n-butyl alcohol fraction, water fraction, macroporous resin fraction ( FMR) , and total extracts group. The rats were treated with testosterone propionate by subcutaneous injection for consecutive 3 weeks. Meanwhile, rats were orally administrated with the six extract fractions of S. china L. After the last administration, serum was separated for the determination of prostatic acid phosphatase ( PACP ) , prostate was weighed and histopathological examination was carried out to evaluate the inhibitory effect of S. china L. against BPH. Results All of the six fractions from S. china L. could inhibit BPH, and the n-butanol fraction, water fraction and FMR showed better inhibitory effect, which significantly decreased the prostatic index by 52. 80%, 50. 93% and 67. 70%, respectively, remarkably reduced serum PACP, and notably improved the prostate gland morphology compared with the model group. Among the three fractions, FMR showed the strongest effect against BPH. Conclusion S. china L. ameliorates the experimentally prostatic hyperplasia, and FMR showes the best effect, which might be the bioactive components against BPH.

The [-2]proPSA (p2PSA) and its derivatives, the p2PSA-to-free PSA ratio (%p2PSA), and the Prostate Health Index (PHI) have greatly improved discrimination between men with and without prostate cancer (PCa) in prostate biopsies. However, little is known about their performance in cases where a digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) are negative. A prospective cohort of 261 consecutive patients in China with negative DRE and TRUS were recruited and underwent prostate biopsies. A serum sample had collected before the biopsy was used to measure various PSA derivatives, including total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), free PSA, and p2PSA. For each patient, the free-to-total PSA ratio (%fPSA), PSA density (PSAD), p2PSA-to-free PSA ratio (%p2PSA), and PHI were calculated. Discriminative performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the biopsy rate at 91% sensitivity. The AUC scores within the entire cohort with respect to age, tPSA, %fPSA, PSAD, p2PSA, %p2PSA, and PHI were 0.598, 0.751, 0.646, 0.789, 0.814, 0.808, and 0.853, respectively. PHI was the best predictor of prostate biopsy results, especially in patients with a tPSA of 10.1-20 ng ml-1. Compared with other markers, at a sensitivity of 91%, PHI was the most useful for determining which men did not need to undergo biopsy, thereby avoiding unnecessary procedures. The use of PHI could improve the accuracy of PCa detection by predicting prostate biopsy outcomes among men with a negative DRE and TRUS in China.

Objective: To investigate the expression of A20, also known as tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to explore its relationship with prognosis. Methods: The expression levels of A20 mRNA in 86 cases of HCC and the corresponding adjacent tissues as well as 26 cases of normal liver tissues from the patients with hepatic hemangioma were measured by real-time fluorescent quantitative-PCR. The correlations of A20 expression with clinicopathologic features and prognosis of HCC patients after radical operation were analyzed. Results: The relative expression level of A20 mRNA in HCC tissues was 1.620+0.155, which was significantly higher than that in normal liver tissues (0.410±0.043, P < 0.001). The relative expression level in A20 mRNA in para-HCC tissues was 1.215±0.134, which was significantly higher than that in normal liver tissues (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in A20 mRNA expression level between HCC and para-HCC tissues (P = 0.087). The expression level of A20 in HCC tissues was closely correlated with tumor differentiation (P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that HCC patients with high expression of A20 mRNA had poorer prognosis with lower probability of overall survival (OS, P = 0.016) and shorter time to tumor recurrence (TTR, P = 0.011). The univariate analysis showed that the expression level of A20 mRNA was closely related to the prognosis of HCC patients (OS: P = 0.012; TTR: P = 0.013). The multivariate analysis showed that A20 could be an independent prognostic factor for HCC patients (OS: P = 0.021; TTR: P = 0.018). Conclusion: The expression level of A20 mRNA in HCC is significantly higher than that in normal liver. A20 may be used as an independent prognostic indicator for survival and recurrence of HCC patients.

OBJECTIVES: To identify diagnostic value of laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) in differentiating vocal fold paralysis (VFP) from arytenoid dislocation. METHODS: The history, laryngeal morphologic characteristics and LEMG of 36 patients with VFP and 10 patients with arytenoid dislocation were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: The most common cause of 36 VFP patients was surgical damage (24 cases), and the most common cause of 10 arytenoid dislocation patients was history of endotracheal intubation (9 cases). There was no statistical difference between the vocal fold and the fixed position of the vocal fold between the group of VFP patients and arytenoid dislocation patients. In the patients with VFP, 33 VFP patients (91.67%) had decreased recruitment; 9 cases (9/13) of denervation potential and 8 cases (8/9) of regeneration potential occurred within 1-6 months of the course of disease; 3 cases (3/4) of synkinesis occurred in the course of disease more than 6 months. In the patients with VFP, the amplitude (<0.01) and turns (<0.05) of thyroarytenoid muscles significantly decreased in the lesioned side comparing to the normal one, but the turns/amplitude ratio showed no statistical difference. In the patients with superior laryngeal nerve injury, the turns and amplitude analysis of cricothyroid muscles showed no statistical difference. All of 10 patients with arytenoid dislocation showed normal LEMG patterns. CONCLUSIONS LEMG can be used to differentiate the patients with vocal cord paralysis from arthrodesis dislocation, and can also carry out quantitative analysis to provide valuable help for the diagnosis.
Arytenoid Cartilage ; Electromyography ; Humans ; Laryngeal Muscles ; physiopathology ; Vocal Cord Paralysis ; diagnosis ; Vocal Cords

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of mucosal flap combined with silicone keel for preventing and treating anterior commissure adhesion in canines and clinical cases. Methods: A prospective experiment was performed from November 2019 to June 2021. Twenty five canines were randomly divided into 5 groups(A, B, C, D, E). Group A, B, C, D received anterior commissure injury by CO₂ laser, then separately treated with free mucosal flap-keel complex,intralaryngeal mucosal flap-keel complex, silicone keels and without treatment, group E didn't injure the vocal cord after intubation. The keel was removed after 2 weeks, the larynx was harvested after 4 weeks. The effectiveness of anterior commissure adhesion prevention was evaluated by manifestation under laryngoscope, standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area. A retrospective analysis was performed on sixteen patients with anterior commissure lesion, who underwent mucosal flap-keel technique in Huashan Hospital of Fudan University from January 2019 to January 2021 (10 cases with free mucosal flap-keel complex and 6 cases with intralaryngeal mucosal flap-keel complex). All the patients underwent evaluation of laryngeal function included manifestation under laryngoscope each month and voice analysis before and 3 month after surgery. SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: No surgery accident or complication happened in canines and patients. The standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area after 4 weeks in group B were significantly higher than those in group A, C, D (H_{standard vocal cord length}=31.688, H_{standard glottic area}=16.444, P<0.05). The standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area after 4 weeks in group A were also significantly higher than those in group C, D(H_{standard vocal cord length}=20.936, H_{standard glottic area}=11.786, P<0.05). The standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area after 4 weeks in group A, B, E were not significantly different to that before surgery(t_{A left standard vocal cord length}=2.636, t_{A right standard vocal cord length}=2.582, t_{B left standard vocal cord length}=2.707, t_{B right standard vocal cord length}=2.673, t_{E left standard vocal cord length}=0.370, t_{E right standard vocal cord length}=0.821, t_{A standard glottic area}=2.731, t_{B standard glottic area}=2.753, t_{E standard glottic area}=-0.529, P>0.05). The standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area after 4 weeks in group C, D were significantly lower than those before surgery(t_{C left standard vocal cord length}=16.137, t_{C right standard vocal cord length}=13.984, t_{D left standard vocal cord length}=11.903, t_{D right standard vocal cord length}=14.587, t_{C standard glottic area}=10.280, t_{D standard glottic area}=22.974, P<0.05). During 6-18 months of follow-up in clinical patients, no one developed a glottic web. Three months after surgery, Jitter, Shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio(NHR), the maximum phonation time(MPT)in all patients were significantly different from preoperative(t_{intralaryngeal mucosal flap jitter}=24.885, t_{intralaryngeal mucosal flap shimmer}=22.643, t_{intralaryngeal mucosal flap NHR}=6.202, t_{intralaryngeal mucosal flap MPT}=-9.661, t_{free mucosal flap jitter}=25.459, t_{free mucosal flap shimmer}=18.683, t_{free mucosal flap NHR}=5.705, t_{free mucosal flap MPT}=-20.840, P<0.05). Conclusion: Mucosal flap combined with silicone keel is an effective technique for preventing and treating anterior commissure adhesion. The effect of pedicled intralaryngea lmucosal flap is better.
Animals ; Dogs ; Free Tissue Flaps ; Glottis ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms/surgery* ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Vocal Cords/surgery*

This case report we presented is that the anomalous left main coronary artery (LMCA) originates from the proximal segment of right coronary artery. In order to confirm the origin and course of the anomalous LMCA, a multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) of the heart was performed on a 64-slice machine (Philips 64 Slice, Philips, USA) after 6 months of coronary angiography operation. The results showed that the anomalous LMCA originates from the proximal segment of right coronary artery, lies posteriorly to the aorta before taking acute sharply to go between the aorta and left atrium. It was classified as R-II P subtype according to Lipton’s classification. It is a rare case in the clinical practice.
Aged ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies ; diagnosis ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVESTo investigate anatomical mechanism of the ulnar wrist pain caused by the compression of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve, and discuss the diagnosis and treatment of the compression.

METHODS40 sides of the upper extremities of adult cadavers were studied anatomically. The dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve and its relationship to the surroundings was dissected and observed grossly and microscopically. 13 cases of the compression of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve were treated and followed up.

RESULTSThe dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve was penetrated from the deep of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle 5.6 approximately 6.8 cm proximally from the styloid process of the ulna, then ran along the ulna and divided into 2 approximately 3 big branches at the medial side of the head of the ulna. The transverse branch was apt to injury during wrist movement as it crossed or rounded the head of the ulna where it was close to the peristeam. Seven of 13 cases of the compression of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve were treated by local block, and 6 by surgical neurolysis. Nine cases of this group got showed good effect without recurrence after 4 months to 1 year follow-up.

CONCLUSIONThe anatomical basis of the compression of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve is repetitive traction to this nerve during wrist movement, and the compression of the transverse branch is the main cause of ulnar wrist pain. The compression of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve should be considered to the patients with ulnar wrist pain and abnormal sensation along the dorsal ulnar side of hand.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ulnar Nerve ; anatomy & histology ; Ulnar Nerve Compression Syndromes ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Wrist ; anatomy & histology

Mouse L1210 leukemia cell line is widely used as a model in the study of tumorigenesis, as well as the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs; however, like other suspension cell lines, the mouse L1210 cell line has lowest transfection efficiency, that many barriers exist to study about the structure, function, as well as metabolism in leukemia cells. This study was aimed to obtain higher transfection efficiency of L1210 cell line to facilitate scientific research. The transfection efficiencies of nucleofector and liposome in L1210 leukemia cells were detected by converted fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry using EGFP (enhance green fluorescent protein); cell viability was observed by trypan blue exclusion test. The results showed that the transfection efficiency of nucleofector primarily through reporter gene pEGFP by Amaxa Nucleofector(TM) nuclear transfer apparatus was significantly higher than lipofectamine 2000 transfection, furthermore, in the same cell density (2 × 10(6)/ml) and plasmid content (10 µg), the transfection efficiency of nuclear transfer apparatus default mode A-20 was higher than that of other modes (S-18, T-20). Its survival rate was up to 50.5% after 24 hours. Cell viability of liposome transfection reached to 88% after 24 hours, but the transfection efficiency was lower (< 1%). It is concluded that the nuclear transfer apparatus A-20 transfected L1210 can reach higher transfection efficiency up to 61.6%, which is significantly higher than that of lipofectamine transfection. The survival rate is up to 50.5% well meeting the needs of scientific research. Higher transfection efficiency is helpful for in-depth research about the morphology, functions and pathogenesis in leukemia model L1210, and provides more searching space for the treatment of leukemia diseases.
Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleus ; genetics ; Cell Survival ; genetics ; Genes, Reporter ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; genetics ; Liposomes ; Mice ; Transfection ; methods

The protection of language function is one of the major challenges of brain surgery. Over the past century, neurosurgeons have attempted to seek the optimal strategy for the preoperative and intraoperative identification of language-related brain regions. Neurosurgeons have investigated the neural mechanism of language, developed neurolinguistics theory, and provided unique evidence to further understand the neural basis of language functions by using intraoperative cortical and subcortical electrical stimulation. With the emergence of modern neuroscience techniques and dramatic advances in language models over the last 25 years, novel language mapping methods have been applied in the neurosurgical practice to help neurosurgeons protect the brain and reduce morbidity. The rapid advancements in brain-computer interface have provided the perfect platform for the combination of neurosurgery and neurolinguistics. In this review, the history of neurolinguistics models, advancements in modern technology, role of neurosurgery in language mapping, and modern language mapping methods (including noninvasive neuroimaging techniques and invasive cortical electroencephalogram) are presented.
Brain Mapping ; Brain Neoplasms ; Humans ; Language ; Neurosurgery ; Neurosurgical Procedures

As prominent immune cells in the central nervous system, microglia constantly monitor the environment and provide neuronal protection, which are important functions for maintaining brain homeostasis. In the diseased brain, microglia are crucial mediators of neuroinflammation that regulates a broad spectrum of cellular responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the multifunctional contributions of microglia to homeostasis and their involvement in neurodegeneration. We further provide a comprehensive overview of therapeutic interventions targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, we propose microglial depletion and subsequent repopulation as promising replacement therapy. Although microglial replacement therapy is still in its infancy, it will likely be a trend in the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases due to its versatility and selectivity.
Humans ; Microglia/physiology* ; Central Nervous System ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/therapy* ; Brain/physiology* ; Homeostasis