AIM: To investigate effect of naringenin on ADP-induced platelet aggregation and its possible mechanism.METHODS: The levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were measured in the platelets with ADP stimulation using ELISA in the presence or absence of different concentrations of naringenin.The effect of naringenin at different concentrations on the change of phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity was measured by high efficiency liquid chromatography.The effects of naringenin at different concentrations on phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) at positions Ser157 and Ser239 in washed platelets with ADP stimulation were analyzed by Western blot.The phosphorylation of VASP at Ser239 was also analyzed in the presence of protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase G (PKG), or protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors before incubation with naringenin.The platelet aggregation was measured in the presence of PKA or PKG inhibitors before incubation with naringenin.RESULTS: Naringenin elevated cGMP levels significantly but not cAMP levels in the platelets with ADP stimulation in a dose-dependent manner.Naringenin inhibited PDE activity.Naringenin increased the phosphorylation of VASP at Ser239 in a dose-dependent manner in the platelets with ADP stimulation but only modest changes in the phosphorylation at position Ser157.The phosphorylation level of VASP at Ser239 position was inhibited when the platelets were treated with PKA inhibitor before incubation with naringenin.Incubation of platelets with neither PKG nor PKC inhibitors before treatment with naringenin affect the phosphorylation of VASP at Ser239.Pretreatment with PKA inhibitor but not PKG inhibitor significantly reversed the antiplatelet aggregation by naringenin in ADP-stimulated platelets.CONCLUSION: Naringenin may inhibit platelet activation through the elevation of cGMP-and PKA-mediated VASP phosphorylation.

AIM: To investigate the antiplatelet aggregation of naringenin and its possible mechanism . METHODS:The effects of naringenin at different concentrations on adenosine diphosphate ( ADP)-induced platelet aggre-gation and platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen were detected by aggregational detector and observed under fluores -cence microscope, respectively.The expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the phosphorylation of Akt were analyzed by Western blot .RESULTS:Naringenin significantly inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-de-pendent manner in vitro and in vivo, and inhibited platelet ' s spreading on immobilized fibrinogen in vitro.Further studies indicated that naringenin inhibited platelet activation accompanied by attenuating not only the activation of PI 3K, but also the phosphorylation of Akt .Moreover, naringenin combined with LY294002 additively inhibited the ADP-induced platelet aggregation.CONCLUSION:Naringenin may inhibit platelet activation by regulation of PI 3K/Akt signaling pathway.

This study was aimed to investigate effects of electroacupunture on PC6-Ne iguan and PC5-Jians hi points on heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) in fear emotion. A total of 120 healthy volunteers were randomly allo-cated into the acupuncture group and control group, with 60 cases in each group. After 20 min frightening audio stimulation, volunteers in the acupuncture group received electroacupunture on PC6 and PC5 of both sides for 20 min and continued to repose for 20 min after needles were removed. Volunteers in the control group reposed for 40 min in the waking state. The heart rate and HRV of each subject was recorded during the whole process through Actiheart. The results showed that the experiment data was divided into two parts, rate rise and decreased or un-changed parts, after listening to audio and analyzed, respectively. Compared to the period of listening for 20 min, there were significant differences on average heart rate, HF, LF/HF of the post listening period between the acupunc-ture group and the control group (P < 0.05). There were significant differences on average heart rate, RMSSD, HF under the condition of heart rate decreasing or unchanging after 20 min (P < 0.05). It was concluded that elec-troacupunture on PC6 and PC5 had immediate regulating and post effects on autonomic nerve and bidirectional regu-lations of the plant nerve function disorder caused by fear, which can treat diseases through excitatory or inhibitory vagus nerve function.

Objective To compare the effects of filiform-fire needle and warming needle on rehabilitation of lateral epicondylitis. Methods 90 patients with lateral epicondylitis were randomized into 2 groups to receive filiform-fire needle and warming needle treatment respectively based on rehabilitation training. Their clinical efficacy, total and item scores of Elbow Functional Scale were compared. Results The clinical efficacy was better in the filiform-fire needle group than in the warming needle group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total scores of Elbow Functional Scale between 2 groups. However, the scores of symptoms and signs improved more in the infiliformfire needle group 2 and 4 weeks after the treatment (P<0.05), while the scores of daily living improved more in the warming needle group 2 weeks after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion Both filiform-fire needle and warming needle could recover the elbow function of lateral epicondylitis patients based on the rehabilitation training. The former is advanced in relieving symptoms and signs, while the latter is in improving daily living in short time.