Objective To study and evaluate the effects of Kanglaite Injection (KLT) in rat model of cancer pain. Methods According to Medhurst' method, a rat model of cancer-induced bone pain wasestablished by intra-tibial injection of 3?103 MRMT-1 rat mammary gland carcinomal cells in Sprague-Dawley rats. KLT group were treated with 10 mL/kg of KLT, ip, twice daily from day 8 to day 17 after injection of MRMT-1 cells. In celecoxib group, 30 mg/kg, ig, twice daily for 10 days. NS group and sham group were given with 10 mL/kg of NS, ip, twice daily for 10 days. On day 17, rats in morphine group received a single administration of 3 mg/kg morphine. Pain-related behaviors including allodynia (the hind paw withdrawal response to 2 g von Frey filament stimulation) and the difference of weight bearing between hind paws were measured in all 5 groups on day 17. In addition, the left hind limbs were removed and X-rays were obtained for assessing of tumor-induced bone destruction. Results On day 17 after injection of MRMT-1 cells or NS, the paw withdrawal response frequency to 2 g von Frey filament stimulation on the left paw in KLT group, celecoxib group, morphine group and NS group were 53.3%?20.7%, 46.7%?20.7%, 13.3%?16.3% and 90% ?16.7%, respectively. The paw withdrawal response frequency in KLT group was significantly decreased compared with that in NS group (P

Objective:To observe the therapeutic effect and toxicity of capecitabine and temozolomide in the treatment of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Methods:A total of 14 patients with stageⅣwell-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET G1/G2/G3) were treated with oral CAPTEM regimen, and the response rate, PFS and adverse effect after treatment were analyzed. All data analyses were performed using software SPSS17.0. Results:These 14 patients were followed-up for more than 2 years. Till Oct 2016, one patient got CR, one patient got PR, four patients got SD. Median progression-free survival was 8.9 months. The two year survival rate was 85.7%. Only one patient experienced grade 3 adverse events. Conclusion:CAPTEM is an effective and well-tolerated salvage regimen for the treatment of advanced well-differentiated pNET.

Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors. Often silent, g-NENs may however be aggressive and sometimes mimic the course of gastric adenocarcinoma. Well-differentiated gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NET) can be subclassified into 3 distinct groups (type1, type 2 and type 3) according to Neuroendocrine Neoplasm Society (ENETS) guideline version 2006 as well as North America Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. However, since the publication of ENETS guideline version 2012, the subtype classification of g-NENs has been confusing due to the revised definition of type 3 g-NEN in versions 2012 and 2016. ENETS version 2012 indicated that type 3 g-NEN was usually solitary and its pathology was mostly WHO grade 3 (neuroendocrine carcinoma, NEC G3) with higher Ki-67 index, greater tumor diameter and infiltrative growth. While ENETS version 2006 showed that type 3 g-NEN was well-differentiated or moderate-differentiated, neither type 1 nor type 2, and other g-NENs without basic diseases. Besides, in renewal consensus guidance of ENETS version 2016, description about clinical and histological features altered as "well-differentiated g-NEN can be classified as type 3", but its pathology is still NEC G3. According to such classification, those gastric NET patients with well-differentiated, neither type 1 nor type 2 tumors, seem to be unable to classify. In this article, description about the subtype classification of g-NENs in several guidelines, including ENETS versions 2006, 2012 and 2016, NANETS version 2010 and NCCN version 2016, is introduced and the controversy focuses on type 3 g-NEN definition by ENETS versions 2012 and 2016. Hence, the four-type classification of g-NENs is recommended, which has been written in Chinese Consensus for the Diagnosis and Management of GEP-NEN (version 2016). Well-differentiated gastric NET is classified as type 3, and poor-differentiated gastric NEC as type 4. This four-type classification of g-NENs covers all the patients with g-NENs. Advances on clinical research of g-NENs in China are reviewed and the existing problems are analyzed. We also put forward the research direction in the future.

Objective:To study the effects of Astragalus Root Injection(a traditional Chinese herb medicine) on oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Motheds: The primary culture of hippocampus neurons from SD rats (aged within 24h) were treated with different concentrations of oxaliplatin( L-OHP) (0, 3, 5 and 10 ?g/mL) and Astragalus Root Injection (0.05, 0.2 and 0.5 g/mL). The apoptosis of the neurons and the nerve growth factor(NGF)level were analyzed. Results: Astragalus Root Injection dose-dependently decreased neuronal cell apoptosis induced by oxaliplatin (P

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and related background diseases of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumor (g-NET) and to provide reference information for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods From Januayy 2011 to February 2019,at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and China-Japan Friendship Hospital,the clinical features and related background diseases of type 1 g-NET patients (41 cases and 93 cases respectively)were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical symptoms,serological indicators,gastroscopic and pathological features,tumor location,metastasis and treatment,and concomitant diseases were statistically described.Results Among 134 patients with type 1 g-NET,there were 53 males (39.6％) and 81 females (60.4 ％);and the mean diagnosed age was (51 ± 11) years (21 to 76 years).Main clinical manifestations were non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms.The mean level of serum chromogranin A was (237.7 ± 176.8) μg/L.The endoscopic findings of 97.8％ (131/134) of the patients were polypoid or protuberant lesions at gastric fundus or gastric body.And 75.0％ (96/128) of the patients had multiple tumors.65.7％ (88/134) of the patients had the tumors with the maximum diameter less than 1 cm (77.2％,88/114) and the lesions mainly located in mucosa (59.8％,52/87) and submucosa (40.2％,35/87).The pathological classification of 79.3％ (96/121) of the tumors was G1 grade and 20.7％ (25/121) were G2 grade.The rate of local lymph node metastasis was 1.4％ (1/73) and no distant metastasis was found.About 70.9％ (95/134) of the patients received endoscopic treatment.Among the patients,93.6％ (103/110) of the patients had chronic atrophic gastritis confirmed by endoscopy or pathology,45.6％ (47/103) were confirmed by both endoscopy and pathology.Among the patients with chronic atrophy gastritis,serum gastrin levels of 93.2％ (96/103) patients were twice higher than the upper limit of the normal value.The positive rates of antiparietal cells antibody (PCA) and intrinsic factor (IFA) were 78.5％ (73/93) and 51.9％ (14/27),respectively.The incidence of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection was 28.1％ (16/57).The incidence of autoimmune atrophy gastritis was 80.6％ (75/93).The percentage of patients with deficiency of serum vitamin B12 and ferritin was 70.8％ (63/89) and 30.7％ (27/88),respectively.Patients with anemia accounted for 27.8％ (25/90).The patients with microcytic anemia,normocyticanemia and macrocytic anemia were 28.0％ (7/25),56.0％ (14/25) and 16.0％ (4/25),respectively.46.9％ (45/96) of the patients had increased thyroid autoantibodies and 17.9％ (17/95) patients had changes of thyroid hormone level.Conclusions Type 1 g-NET is more common in women and mainly caused by autoimmune atrophic gastritis.The level of serum PCA and IFA increase in more than half of the patients.And it is often accompanied by vitamin B12 deficiency and autoimmune thyroid disease.

OBJECTIVETo explore the primary site and pathological feature of neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN), especially the NEN of digestive system.

METHODSClinicopathological data of NEN patients at China-Japan Friendship Hospital from January 2012 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Tumor primary sites were summarized. Association between tumor site and pathological grading in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm(GEP-NEN) was examined.

RESULTSThere were a total of 903 cases of NEN. Sites of primary tumor included the digestive system in 699 cases(77.4%), the thorax(including lung, thymus and mediastinum) in 87 cases(9.6%), other sites in 60 cases (6.6%), unknown in 57 cases(6.3%). Among 699 GEP-NEN cases, the primary sites included the stomachin in 207 cases (29.6%), pancreas in 201 (28.8%), rectumin in 185 (26.5%), duodenum in 43(6.2%), jejunum and ileum in 18(2.6%), appendix in 15 (2.1%), gallbladder in 11(1.6%), esophagus in 10(1.4%), and the colon in 9 cases (1.3%). Pathologically, the tumor grading was neuroendocrine tumor (NET) G1 in 336 cases(48.1%), NET G2 in 203 cases (29.0%), neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) G3 in 139 cases (19.9%). All the esophagus NEN(10/10), most gallbladder NEN(9/11) and colon NEN(6/9) were poorly-differentiated NEC (G3), while all appendix NEN(15/15), most stomach NEN(147/207, 71.0%), pancreas NEN (156/201, 77.6%), rectum NEN (169/185, 91.4%), duodenum NEN (31/43, 72.1%), jejunum and ileum NEN(16/18, 88.9%) were well-differentiated NET G1 or G2.

CONCLUSIONSThe most common primary site of NEN is the digestive system. The stomach, pancreas and rectum are most common primary sitesof GEP-NEN. Difference in pathological grading is quite greatin different primary sites of GEP-NEN. Most NENs fromesophagus, colon and gallbladder are poorly-differentiated NEC.

OBJECTIVETo study subtype classification of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) and their clinicopathological characteristics in order to provide reference for clinical practice.

METHODSClinicopathological data of 241 gastric NEN patients (174 cases from China-Japan Friendship Hospital and 67 cases from The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University) between January 2011 and June 2016 were retrospectively summarized. According to serum gastrin, 24-hour intragastric pH monitoring and pathological grade, patients with gastric NEN were divided into 4 types: type I( (hypergastrinemia and achlorhydria, related to autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis), type II( [hypergastrinemia and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, related to gastrinoma or multiple endocrine neoplasia type I( (MEN-I()], type III( (sporadic disease with normal serum gastrin level), and type IIII( [poorly differentiated gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC)]. Clinicopathological features, treatment and prognosis of 4 types were analyzed.

RESULTSOf 241 gastric NEN cases, there were 86 cases (35.7%) in type I(, 7 cases (2.9%) in type II(, 61 cases (25.3%) in type III( and 87 cases(36.1%) in type IIII(. Among 86 cases of type I( gastric NEN, 73 cases (84.9%) were multiple lesions,tumor size of 66 cases (76.7%) was less than 1 cm, all the 86 cases were polypoid or granular lesions. 2 cases(2.3%)presented distant metastasis, 69 cases (80.2%) had pathological grading as NET G1; most of them received endoscopic surgery treatment and follow-up; somatostatin analogs(SSA) was used in patients with multiple lesions and repeated recurrence after endoscopic treatment. Among 7 cases of type II(, 4 cases were gastrinoma, 3 cases MEN-I(; 5 cases presented distant metastasis; treatment included surgery, SSA and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Among 61 cases of type III( gastric NEN, 49 cases(80.3%) were single lesion,tumor size of 25 cases(41.0%) was more than 2 cm, 29 cases(47.5%) had lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis; treatment included endoscopic resection, surgery or SSA therapy according to the tumor staging. Among 87 patients of type IIII( gastric NEN, 74 cases(85.0%) had single lesion,tumor size of 51 cases (58.6%) was more than 2 cm; lesions were found in gastric cardia in 35 cases (40.2%); 65 cases (74.7%) had lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis; treatment included chemotherapy, or surgery plus chemotherapy. At the end of follow-up(June 30, 2016), 58 patients were dead, including 1 case of type I(, 12 cases of type III( and 45 cases of type IIII(. The overall survival rate of all the patients was 74.2%, and was 98.8%, 100%, 79.3%, 39.2% of types I(, II(, III(, IIII( respectively. The overall survival rate between type III( and type IIII( gastric NEN was significantly different(P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONSSubtype classification of gastric NEN is very significant for making therapeutic decisions and prognostic evaluation. Patients of type I( or type II( gastric NEN have good prognosis,while those of type III( and type IIII( have poor prognosis, and those of type IIII( have the worst prognosis.

Adult ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; pathology ; therapy ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy ; Survival Rate