OBJECTIVE:This article discusses the key factors of influencing the development of Chinese pharmaceutical industry over a long period of time METHODS:The system analysis and cause-effect analysis were used RESULTS & CONCLUSION:The factors include the relation between production,marketing and consumption,the economic level and structure of demand,the degree of global competition,the market regulation and barrier

OBJECTIVE:To study the competitive condition and development strategy of China's pharmaceutical industry.METHODS:Applying the methods of industry economy theory.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Features of pharmaceutical industry competition find expression in different products competition,relative monopolistic competition and scale dominant competition.China's pharmaceutical industry is developing rapidly.But its degree of centralization,profit,scale effect and ability of research and development is low,it is still in disperse and low level competitive condition.In the course of establishing new management system,we need setting up effective mechanism of industry policy,carrying out different competitive strategy,supporting good enterprises and pushing formward intensive development of China's pharmaceutical industry.

Objective To investigate the effects of resvertrol on apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-regulated genes Bax in rats with experimental severe acute pancreatisis.Methods Totally 54 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham-operation group(SO),severe acute pancreatitis group(SAP),and resveratrol-treated group(RES).In SO group the pancreases were slightly flipped only.The SAP model was set up by giving 40g/L sodium chrolate(1mL/kg) through pancreatic duct,and resveratrol(5mg/mL,10mg/kg) was given intravenously.Apoptosis of mucosal cells was detected by TUNEL methods,and the expression of Bax protein was determined by SP immunohistochemical technique.Results The apoptotic index of mucosal cells in SAP group at 3,6 and 12 hours after induction of severe acute pancreatitis was significantly higher than that in resveratrol-treated group((P

Objective To investigate the effects of ischemic postconditioning (I-post) on intestinal mucosa mitochondrion after ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rat intestine.Methods By using rat model of intestine IR injury,male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups:sham-operation group (S),IR group (IR),ischemic preconditioning group (IPC),and I-post group.Intestinal mucosa mitochondrial ultrastructural changes were observed by using transmission electron microscope (TEM).Mucosal cellular mitochondrial respiration function was studied by measuring the mitochondrial dehydrogenase-dependent reduction of MTT to its formazan derivative,and intestinal mucosal mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy.Results Compared with that in IR group,the injury of mitochondrion in I-post group and IPC group began to recover.The mitochondrial respiratory function and the mitochondrial membrane potential were significantly improved in I-post group and IPC group (P0.05).Conclusion The mechanism of ischemic postconditioning against IR injury of intestine in rats is partly related to maintaining the mitochondrial ultrastructural changes and respiratory function and improving mitochondrial membrane potential.

Objective To investigate the role of ischemic postconditioning(I-post) on intestinal mucosa in rats with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.Methods By using rat model of intestine I/R injury,32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham-operation group(S),I/R group(I/R),ischemic preconditioning group(IPC),and ischemic postconditioning group(I-post),respectively.The contents of malondialdehyde(MDA), the activity of superoxidase dismutase(SOD),and the activity of myeloperoxidase(MPO) in intestinal mucosa were measured respectively.The status of intestinal mucosa cellular apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling(TUNEL).Chiu's count was used to assess the changes in intestinal pathological morphology.Results The content of MDA and activity of MPO were significantly reduced and the activity of SOD was enhanced in IPC group and I-post group compared with I/R group.There was obvious cellular apoptosis after reperfusion,and the apoptotic index in I-post group and IPC group was significantly lower than that in I/R group.Conclusion Ischemic postconditioning can result in protection against intestinal mucosa with I/R injury,which may be related to reducing the production of oxygen free radicals,maintaining the activities of antioxidant systems,and reducing intestinal mucosa cellular apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the relationship between peritoneal macrophages (PMAs) and inflammatory reaction in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group and SAP group. To induce SAP in rats, 40 g/L sodium taurocholate (0.1 mL/100 g) was injected into the pancreatic duct through retrograde exposure of pancreatic bile duct in hepatic porta. One-third of rats were sacrificed at 3, 6 or 12 h after modeling. PMAs were extracted, and incubated for 24 h in a humidified 5% carbon dioxide incubator. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA in PMAs were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture medium and serum were evaluated.The histological changes of pancreas were examined. Rosults The expressions of TNF-α mRNA and IL-1β mRNA in PMAs were significantly higher in SAP group than in control group at each time point (P<0.01). The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β in culture medium and serum were significantly elevated in SAP group compared with control group (P<0.01). The histological analysis of pancreas indicated that the damage was more severe in SAP group than in cuntrol group (P<0.01). Conclusion PMAs secrete cytokines into pancreatitis-associated ascitic fluid, and this study demonstrates a correlation between SAP and the activation of PMAs.

Objective To investigate the effect of fatty acid synthase (FASN)on apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1 and the possible molecular mechanism.Methods Annexin V/FITC and flow cytometry were performed to detect the expression of FASN in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 after C75 treatment and the change of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1 treated with C75.Quantity reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)and Western blot were used to measure the protein and RNA expressions of Caspase-3,bcl-2 and FASN.Results Inhibited by C75,the activity of FASN in pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1 was significantly decreased.Meanwhile,PANC-1 showed an increased apoptosis level in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05 ). Furthermore,after C75 inhibited FASN in pancreatic cancer cells,the protein and RNA expressions of Caspase-3 significantly increased (P <0.05)whereas the level of Bcl-2 reduced (P <0.05).Conclusion FASN is involved in the process of apoptosis in PANC-1 via Bcl-2 and Caspase-3.Therefore,FASN will provide a new target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and generate better treatment efficacy.

Objective To investigate the relationship of central venous pressure (CVP) and organ function in early period after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 111 patients who underwent OLT.According to the value of mean CVP after OLT,all patients were divided into three groups:low CVP group (CVP＜8 rnmHg,1 rnmHg =0.133 kPa),normal CVP group (CVP 8-12 mmHg) and high CVP group (CVP ＞12 mmHg).Meanwhile,According to whether the CVP dropped below 8 mmHg or not in the past 48h after surgery,all patients were divided into two groups.Results There were significant differences in serum total bilirubin,serum creatinine and serum lactate among low,normal,and high CVP groups (P＜0.05).The time of vasoactive agent,fluid balance,time of mechanical ventilation and incidence of acute kidney injury in groups with CVP not dropped below 8 rnmHg were higher than those in groups with CVP dropped below 8 mmHg (P＜0.05).Conclusion CVP was associated with liver,kidney,lung function and lactate.Controlling a lower CVP can significantly shorten the time of mechanical ventilation and reduce the incidence of acute kidney injury after OLT.

Objective To summarize the clinical efficacy of liver transplantation from donation after cardiac death (DCD). Methods Clinical data of both the donors and recipients (n=182) undergoing liver transplantation from DCD were retrospectively analyzed. According to the type of primary diseases, 182 recipients were divided into the benign group (n=135) and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) group (n=47). Perioperative conditions, 1- and 3-year survival rate of the recipients were statistically compared between two groups. Clinical prognosis and the incidence of postoperative complications of the recipients were summarized. Postoperative complications mainly included early allograft dysfunction (EAD), vascular complications, acute kidney injury (AKI), pulmonary infection, acute rejection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and billiary tract complication. Results No statistical significance was identified in the anhepatic phase, operation time and length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay between two groups (all P>0.05). The 1-year survival rates of the 182 recipients and grafts were 93.1%, and 84.9% for the 3-year survival rates. In the benign group, the 1- and 3-year survival rates of the recipients were 92.5% and 88.1%. In the liver cancer group, the 1-year survival rate of the recipients was 95%, 91% for the disease-free survival rate, and 78% for the 3-year survival rate, respectively. No statistical significance was noted in the overall survival rate of the recipients between two groups (P=0.879). In terms of postoperative complications, billiary tract complications occurred in 26 patients, vascular complications in 14, AKI in 34, pulmonary infection in 22, acute rejection in 11, EAD in 11 and CMV infection in 10. The incidence of postoperative billiary tract complications in patients with T-tube insertion was significantly lower than that in their counterparts without T-tube insertion (8% vs. 19%, P<0.05). Conclusions Liver transplantation from DCD is an efficacious treatment for end-stage liver diseases and liver cancer, which yields relatively high short-term clinical efficacy.

Objective To analyze the risk factors of early acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver transplantation from donation after cardiac death(DCD) donor liver. Methods Clinical data of 184 donors and recipients undergoing liver transplantation from DCD donor liver were retrospectively analyzed. According to the incidence of early AKI, all participants were divided into the AKI and non-AKI groups. The patients in the AKI group were subject to AKI staging. Baseline data, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative related parameters were statistically compared between two groups. The cumulative survival rate and clinical prognosis of patients in non-AKI group and AKI group with different staging were statistically analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curve analysis. Results Among 184 patients, 68 cases (37.0%) presented with early AKI after liver transplantation including 31 stage 1 AKI, 26 stage 2 AKI and 11 stage 3 AKI, mainly occurring within postoperative 3 d. Univariate analysis revealed that preoperative levels of albumin <35 g/L, preoperative levels of serum sodium ≤137 mmol/L, operation time>7.5 h, intraoperative hemorrhage volume>3 000 mL, intraoperative red cell infusion volume>15 U and intraoperative urine amount ≤100 mL/h were the risk factors of early AKI after liver transplantation (all P<0.05). Multi-variate Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that intraoperative red cell infusion >15 U was an independent risk factor of early AKI after liver transplantation [odds ratio(OR) 1.061, 95% confidence interval(CI)1.008-1.118,P=0.024].Result of Kaplan-Meier survival curve suggested that the cumulative survival rate was gradually reduced along with the aggravation of AKI with statistical significance (all P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence of early AKI following liver transplantation is relatively high. The severity of early AKI is intimately correlated with the short- and long-term prognosis of the recipients. A large quantity of intraoperative red blood cell infusion is an independent risk factor of AKI.