Objective To investigate the female mycoplasma urogenital infections and drug-resistance.Methods Liqid medium was used to indentify mycoplasmas and detect the susceptibility in vitro of thirteen antimicrobial agents.Results The total rate of mycoplasma infection was 44.0%, including Uu 37.1%, Mh 0.9%, Uu and Mh compound infection was 6.0%. The susceptible rate of more than 80% were jossamycin (90.8%), clarithromycin (88.5%),azithromycin (84.8%) and minocycline (81.2%). The susceptibilities in vitro of all sorts of antibiotic decreased significantly for Uu and Mh compound infections.Conclusion Mycoplasmas produce particular resistance to antibiotics.Jossamycin,clarithromycin,azithromycin and minocycline can be the drugs of first choice.

Geographic tongue, also called benign migratory glossitis, is a common and superficial benign inflammatory disorder that affects the tongue epithelium. The majority of geographic tongue lesions typically manifest as irregular central erythematous patches. These lesions, which are caused by the loss of filiform papillae, are defined by an elevated whitish band-like border that can change location, size, and pattern over a period of time. Histological observations of the oral mucosa affected by geographic tongue revealed nonspecific inflammation. Some reports described cases of migratory stomatitis, wherein lesions simultaneously manifested on the extra lingual oral mucosa. This condition is also called ectopic geographic tongue, which is clinically and histologically similar to the type normally confined to the tongue. In most cases, patients are asymptomatic and do not require treatment. The condition may spontaneously exhibit periods of remission and exacerbation with good prognosis. The specific etiology of geographic tongue remains unknown. Geographic tongue is age-related and is prevalent among young individuals. Various etiological factors that have been suggested in literature include immunological factors, genetic factors, atopic or allergic tendency, emotional stress, tobacco consumption, hormonal disturbances, and zinc deficiency. Geographic tongue may coexist with other disorders, such as fissured tongue, psoriasis, diabetes mellitus, gastroin- testinal diseases, burning mouth syndrome, and Down syndrome. Experts currently disagree on whether geographic tongue is an oral manifestation of psoriasis. Moreover, some scholars suggest that geographic tongue is a prestage of fissured tongue. The objective of this review is to summarize current research on risk factors of geographic tongue.
Epithelium ; Female ; Glossitis, Benign Migratory ; Humans ; Mouth Mucosa ; Risk Factors ; Tongue ; Tongue, Fissured

Objective To study the expression and clinical significance of serum levels of transforming growth factor-31 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) in patients with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy(HDCP).Methods The serum levels of TGF-β1 and TNF-αin 50 cases with HDCP and 30 cases of normal third trimester pregnant women(control group) were detected by ELISA.50 cases with HDCP were divided into gestational hypertension group,mild preeclampsia group and severe preeclampsia group according to the severity of HDCP.Results The serum levels of TGF-β1 and TNF-α in HDCP patients were significantly higher than the control group (t =13.283,13.607,all P ＜ 0.05).The serum levels of TGF-β1 and TNF-α gradually increased with the aggravating of HDCP disease,the serum levels of TGF-β1 and TNF-αwere significantly different among the three subgroups of HDCP(P ＜ 0.05).The correlation analysis showed that the serum levels of TGF-β1,TNF-α were positively correlated with the severity of HDCP (r =0.575,0.512,all P ＜ 0.05),there was significantly positive correlation between the serum TGF-β1 and TNF-α(r =0.515,P ＜0.05).Conclusion The serum levels of TGF-β1 and TNF-α were high in the HDCP patients,the high levels of TGF-β1 and TNF-α can reflect the changes and development of HDCP disease.The abnormal levels of TGF-β1 and TNF-α may be associate with dysfunction of trophoblast cell.

Aim To investigate the effect of transduct-ed-hemeoxygenase-1 ( HO-1 ) protein on brain ischemi-a-reperfusion ( I/R ) rat hippocampal neurons injury. Methods 11 R ( arginine residues )-fused HO-1 pro-tein was established and 50 male Mongolian gerbils were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n=10 ):I/R ( control group ) , I/R + 5 mg · kg-1 saline group ( group S ) , I/R + 5 mg · kg-1 11 R group ( group R), I/R + 5mg·kg-1 11R-HO-1 group (group H1) and I/R + 25 mg · kg-1 11 R-HO-1 group ( group H2). For I/R experiments, ischemia was induced for 5 min by occluding the common carotid arteries bilater-ally with aneurysm clips under Ketamine anesthesia. The experiment was conducted after the neurons were intraperitoneally injected with 5mg·kg-1 saline,11R , 11R-HO-1,or 25mg · kg-1 11R-HO-1 for 3 h. The rats were killed after 24h of reperfusion. Hippocampus was removed immediately for determination of cAMP level, neuronal apoptotic rate, and expression of HO-1 and Caspase-3 protein, mitochondria was observed un-der electron microscope. Results Among group C, group S and group R,there were no differences in the expressions of HO-1, Caspase-3 protein, cAMP level , neuronal apoptotic rate and mitochondria damage ( P>0. 05). Compared with group C, group S and group R, the expression of HO-1 protein was up-regulated, the expression of Caspase-3 protein was down-regula-ted, cAMP level increased, the apoptotic rate was sig-nificantly decreased and mitochondria damage de-creased in group H1 ( P < 0. 01 ) . Compared with group H1 , the expression of HO-1 protein was up-regu-lated, the expression of Caspase-3 protein was down-regulated, cAMP level increased, the apoptotic rate was significantly decreased and mitochondria damage decreased in group H2 ( P <0. 01 ) . Conclusion Transducted-HO-1 protein can attenuate brain ischemi-a-reperfusion rat hippocampal neurons injury.

Objective To assess the effect of early menarche and treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs ( GnRHa ) in girls with central precocious puberty ( CPP ) or early and fast puberty ( EFP ) on menstrual regularity. Methods Six hundred and ten healthy girls were recruited and their menarche age and menstrual cycle were recorded. 169 CPP or EFP girls treated with GnRHa were followed up, and their menarche age and menstrual cycle were also recorded. Results There were 129 girls with irregular menstruation among 610 healthy girls(21. 1%), with 10 in 44 early menarche girls(22. 7%) and 11 in 44 late menarche girls(25. 0%). Compared with normal menarche girls(17. 2%), no significant difference was found in the incidences of irregular menstruation in early and late menarche girls. The incidences of dysmenorrhea were 41. 1% in normal girls and 50. 0% in early menarche girls, without significant difference. There was a higher incidence of irregular menstruation in 113 CPP girls and 56 EFP girls treated with GnRHa compared with healthy girls (31. 4% vs 21. 1%, P<0. 05), but without difference compared with early menarche girls(P>0. 05). Fifty-seven cases treated with GnRHa(33. 7%) suffered from dysmenorrhea, and there was no significant difference as compared with healthy girls and girls with early menarche. Conclusion The incidence of irregular menstruation was similar in early menarche girls and normal girls. CPP and EFP girls with GnRHa treatment had a significantly higher incidence of irregular menstruation than normal girls, but no difference was found as compared with girls with early menarche. Early menarche and GnRHa treatment did not affect the incidence of dysmenorrhea.

[Objective] To observe the efficacy of metformin treatment on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children.[Methods] A retrospective analysis was performed of 10 patients over 10 years old with NAFLD from July 10,2013 to August 23,2016.These patients were treated with metformin in pediatric endocrinology outpatient department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.The changes of liver ultrasonography,hepatic enzymes,blood lipids,blood glucose,insulin,HOMA-IR,BMI,and waist circumference height ratio were compared before and after treatment with metformin.[Results] There were 10 cases of NASH,including 5 boys and 5 girls.The short-term treatment of metformin reduced the levels of ALT,AST,and HOMA-IR for all 10 patients (P ＜ 0.01).ALT,gradually decreased with the course of treatment.Fasting insulin and waist circumference to height ratio also improved with the treatment (P ＜ 0.05);the changes of TG,BMI,and fast glucose were not obvious (P ＞ 0.05).[Conclusion] Metformin can effectively reduce liver enzymes and improve insulin sensitivity in children with NASH in short term,the improvement of TG and BMI in short term is not obvious.

[Objective] We assessed in a retrospective unicenter study the state of metabolism and gonadal axis of early menarche girls and girls who treated with Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa).[Methods] Thirty-nine early menarche girls and 58 girls who had been treated with GnRHa were enrolled in our study and 19 normal menarche girls were enrolled as control group.Data were collected in height,weight,gonadal hormone,blood glucose,insulin,blood lipid,leptin,adiponectin and the size of uterus and ovary.[Results] Both BMI SDS for chronological age (CA) and for bone age (BA) of early menarche girls were significantly higher than normal menarche girls (P ＜ 0.05).The ratio of insulin resistance in early menarche girls (20.5％) was also significantly higher than normal girls (0％).No significant difference in lipid metabolism and gonadal axis between two groups.In girls treated with GnRHa,BMISDS,insulin,HOMA-IR and the ratio of insulin resistance (20.7％) were all significantly higher than normal group (P ＜ 0.05).Meanwhile,DHEAS,androstenedione and testosterone of GnRHa treated girls were significantly higher than early menache girls,and DHEAS was higher than normal girls.The size of uterus in treated group was larger than the other two groups.[Conclusion] Early menarche and GnRHa treatment may take negative effect to BMI and glucose metabolism.Androgen was higher in GnRHa treated group.Therefore,suggestion was that BMI,insulin,blood glucose and androgen should be monitored in early menarche girls and girls treated with GnRHa.

Objective To analyze the clinical characters of childhood adrenocortical tumors, and to enhance the knowledge of diagnosis of this disease. Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical characters,laboratory tests,and imaging findings in 31 cases of childhood adrenocortical tumors was carried out. Results 16 cases of adenoma and 15 cases of carcinoma were included. The average age was (4.49±3.51) years old, and 67.7% of the patients were younger than 5 years old. The ratio of male to female was 1.0: 1.4. 12 patients presented only precocious sexual development, 4 patients presented only Cushing syndrome, 10 patients showed sexual precocity combined with Cushing syndrome, and 5 patients did not have any endocrine abnormalities. Raised testosterone level in 92.3% of these patients was the most common finding in laboratory tests. Only 12.5% of ultrasound images and 20.8% of CT images were consistent with pathologic diagnosis. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of adrenocortical tumors in childhood are precocious sexual development, Cushing's syndrome, or nonfunctional. The common laboratory findings are elevation of sex hormone and disorder of cortisol circadian rhythm. Precocious sexual development and elevation of androgens are more common in childhood adrenocortical tumor than those in adults. Imaging usually cannot give proper diagnosis. Final diagnosis should be established by clinical features, laboratory tests, imaging, and pathologic results.

Objective To explore the application of furosemide/hydrochlorothiazide load test in clinical classification of Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome and the significance of selecting target genes. Method The clinical features, biomarkers, the furosemide/hydrochlorothiazide load test, and gene detection in 5 patients with Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome were retrospectively analyzed during 2012 to 2014. Results All of those 5 patients were manifested low potassium and metabolic acidosis; basis of renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were elevated. The blood pressures were normal. Most of the patients suffered from polydipsia, diuresis, and different degrees of growth retardation. The gene analysis of these 5 patients made the same diagnoses as furosemide/hydrochlorothiazide load test did. Conclusions Furosemide/hydrochlorothiazide load test can make a differentiation of Bartter syndrome from Gitelman syndrome and thus it can guide the selection of targeted gene detection.

Objective To compare the different efficacies of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) alone and rhGH combined with low-does stanozolol on growth velocity (GV) of girls with Turner syndrome (TS). Methods 51 girls with TS were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 23) were treated with rhGH alone and group 2 (n = 28) with rhGH combined with low-does stanozolol both for more than six months. The two groups were compared in terms of GV, height standard deviation score for chronologic age (HtSDSCA), HtSDS for bone age (HtSDSBA), HtSDS (ΔHtSDS) and the ratio of ΔBA/ΔCA. Results In the first year, the GV was (6.29 ± 1.44) and (8.13 ± 1.87) cm/a in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. HtSDSCA changed from (-3.51 ± 0.99) to (-3.19 ± 1.09) and (-4.21 ± 1.19) to (-3.43 ± 1.06), and ΔBA/ΔCA was (0.60 ± 0.39) and (0.77 ± 0.56) in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The GV and ΔHtSDS in Group 2 were significantly better than Group 1 (P < 0.05). The GV was negatively correlated with the age. Conclusion Compared with the therapy with rhGH alone, the one with rhGH combined with low-dose stanazolol is more effective in improving GV without accelerating bone maturation among the girls with Turner syndrome.