Objective To study pathogenesis role of CD28:CTLA4/B7 costimulatory molecules in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis(EAMG). Methods Female lewis rats were divided into EAMG group and control group. The rats were immunized thrice with R?97-116 peptide in EAMG group, or only with phosphate buffer saline(PBS) in control group. 5 d after the third immunization, the expressions of CD28,CTLA4,B7-1, B7-2 on the surface of peripheral blood cells, lymphocytes and monocytes were exaimed by flow cytometry. Results In EAMG group,the achievement ratio of EAMG model was 75%; the expressions of CD28,CTLA4,B7-1, B7-2 on the surface of peripheral blood cells were significantly increased than those in control group (P

Objective To investigate the effects of metformin on serum visfatin and the level of visfatin mRNA in visceral adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.Methods Forty Wistar rats were randomly assigned into normal diet group (NC) and diabetic group.The rats in the diabetic group were fed with high glucose and high fat diet, and then injected with streptozotocin (STZ).The diabetic rats were divided into diabetic control (DC), metformin (MET), and insulin-treatment (INS) groups.Eight weeks later, body weight (BW) , visceral adipose tissue weight, and biochemical indicators were assessed.Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and Lee index were calculated.The serum visfatin levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA), and the visfatin mRNA levels of visceral adipose tissues were detected by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results Compared to group DC, the visfatin levels of serum and visceral adipose tissue mRNA were lower in INS group, but did not have significant difference (P ＞ 0.05);the visfatin levels of serum and visceral adipose tissue mRNA in MET group were significantly lower (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Metformin can reduce the visfatin levels of serum and visceral adipose tissue mRNA, and improve the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats.

Objective To explore the design of forehead flap pedicled with supratrochlear artery and shift way for aesthetic reconstruction of the nose without secondary operations for debulking.Methods Origin of blood supplies and the distributed situation of the vessel in the frontal region were studied through the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery X-ray angiography.The frontal region existed polyphyletic blood supplies,the supratrochlear artery and the supraorbital artery set out many branches,respectively,in the level of frontal bone eyebrow plane.One constant,thicker horizontal branch from the superficial temporal artery obviously extended to the forehead median.The branches from three blood vessels mentioned above constituted the network of artery adequate in the muscle and the subcutaneous tissue level,assumed the three-dimensional distribution in the forchead region.The nasal reconstruction had been done for 9 patients with the oblique orientation designed forehead flap by using one side of supratrochlear artery as the pedicle and cutting skin paddle with the same or the opposite side of forehead flap.Results All flap survived completely with the restoration of nasal shape and functional satisfaction.Conclusion The forehead oblique orientation flap pedicled with one side supratrochlear artery is nourished by the rich blood supply.The flap can be split into two flaps:a myofascial flap and a skin flap in far part.Myofascial flap may be the good package of cartilage framework,and simultaneously split skin flap is favorable of the shape models.The flap may satisfy the demand of the nasal restoration.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between severity of symptom and SPL amounts in expressed prostatic secretion(EPS).Methods: A total of 164 men enrolled in the study.Scores of CPSI and Chinese medicine syndrome were used to assess the severity of symptom.SPL acounts in EPS were also measured.The correlation between scores of CPSI,Chinese medicine syndrome and SPL acounts in EPS were analyzed.Results: There was no linear correlation between scores of CPSI,Chinese medicine syndrome and SPL amounts in EPS(P

OBJECTIVE To investigate the transfer and diffusion of berberine hydrochloride(BBH), the main active component of Coptis and Phellodenticum in the system of carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCS)-sodium alginate(SA). METHODS CMCS and SA were stirred in a certain proportion, and D-gluconolactone(GDL) was added to form polyelectrolyte hydrogel. Rheometer was used to study the rheological properties of CMCS-SA hydrogel, including the elastic modulus G′ and the viscous modulus G′′. A BBH diffusion model for CMCS-SA hydrogel was designed, and the relevant rules of BBH permeation through CMCS-SA polyelectrolyte hydrogel were observed by UV-VIS. RESULTS The elastic modulus G′ of the hydrogel was measured when the ratio of CMCS to SA was 3∶1, 2∶1, 1∶1, 1∶2, and 1∶3. When the ratio of CMCS to SA was 1∶1, G′ was the highest, and the crosslinking strength of the hydrogel was the highest. The cumulative amount of BBH transfer was measured by the BBH transfer model, and the diffusion of BBH in CMCS-SA hydrogel was fitted as the skeleton dissolution by Peppas equation, indicating that BBH dissociation and the transfer efficiency increased as the amino group of CMCS decreased or the carboxyl group of SA increased. The elastic modulus G′ of CMCS-SA hydrogel increased with the increase of GDL content. The reason was that the binding force between CMCS and SA molecules gradually increased with the decrease of pH, and the crosslinking degree of the hydrogel was enhanced. When ratio of fixed CMCS to SA was 1∶1 and the GDL content was 0.15 g·mL−1, the formability of CMCS-SA hydrogel was good. In addition, when BBH was transferred in hydrogel with different concentrations of GDL, the transfer efficiency increased with the increase of GDL content. When BBH was delivered in different thickness hydrogel, the delivery efficiency of CMCS-SA hydrogel increased with the decrease of thickness. CONCLUSION The CMCS-SA hydrogel system, as a potential drug carrier for traditional Chinese medicine extracts such as BBH, is expected to serve as a gel carrier for transdermal drug delivery.

Gel materials have advantages such as comfortable touch, good air permeability, high viscoelasticity, etc., so they are widely used in modern transdermal drug delivery preparations such as patches, gel agents and film agents. With the innovative development of medical materials, many new gel materials with excellent functions have emerged, which has expanded the application scope of transdermal drug delivery preparations and optimized their properties. The classification, properties and application of gel materials in transdermal drug delivery system were reviewed, and the latest research progress was summarized, so as to provide reference for the innovative application of gel materials in transdermal drug delivery system.m.