With the understanding of autoimmune encephalitis many novel types of autoimmune encephalitis and related antibodies have been identified. There are some cases of autoimmune encephalitis with autoantibody overlapping syndromes or phenotype overlapping syndromes, which bring challenges to diagnosis and treatment in practice. The relevant literature was reviewed and the clinical characteristics, pathological mechanism and treatment of overlapping syndromes associated with autoimmune encephalitis were summarized, in order to provide a reference for the management of autoimmune encephalitis with overlapping syndromes.

60yr, weighting 50-80kg undergoing general thoracic surgery (lung resection and esophagus cancer resection) were enrolled in this study. Their preoperative hepatic and renal function were normal (blood creatinine

Intestinal microecology is an important and complex biological system necessary for human health.Its disorder is involved in the development of various diseases of human body.The technology of intestinal microbiota transplantation can effectively regulate the intestinal flora,repair the imbalance of the intestinal microecology,and bring a new breakthrough for the treatment of many diseases of gastrointestinal tract and outside gastrointestinal tract.However,there is still no systematic and complete management standard for intestinal microbiota transplantation technology.This paper discussed related content involved in standardized management of intestinal microbiota transplantation technology and reflected the ethical problems involved in standardized management from the perspective of medical ethics,in order to promote the clinical application of intestinal microbiota transplantation technology.

Objective To compare the effects of equivalent dose of sufentanil and fentanyl on wake-up test and recovery profile in scoliosis surgery. Methods Forty ASAⅠ-Ⅱadolescents undergoing scoliosis surgery were randomly divided into fentanyl group (group F,n=20) and sufentanil group(group S,n=20). Anesthesia was maintained with low-flow(1 L/min) inhalation of isoflurane and nitrous oxide (O2∶N2O=1∶1) in both groups. Intermittent i.v. boluses (1～1.5 ?g/kg) of fentanyl was used for analgesia in group F, and total dosage was not more than 5?g/kg when the wake-up test was started. Continuous infusion of sufentanil [0.1～0.2 ?g/(kg?h)] was maintained in group S, and total dosage was less than 1 ?g/kg when the wake-up test was started. The wake-up test time, postoperative recovery time, end-tidal isoflurane concentration(ETiso) and other hemodynamic variables during operation were recorded. Results There was no significant difference in the wake-up test time, postoperative recovery time, bucking and/or restlessness during the wake-up test, PCA morphine dosage and PONV between the two groups. Conclusion Properly administration of sufentanil does not prolong the intraoperative wake-up test time so that it can safely be used in scoliosis surgery.

ObjectiveIn an attempt to clarify the usefulness of combined nerve and muscle biopsy in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disease when compared with traditional sural nerve biopsy.Methods Fifteen biopsies of superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) and peroneus brevis muscle ( PBM ) by one incision performed within one neurological clinic were reviewed.All patients had peripheral neuropathy while 3 of them had myopathy clinically.The diagnostic significance of SPN and PBM biopsies were classified into 3 grade: essential,helpful,no value.ResultsOf 15 SPN and PBM biopsies,7 showed essential pathological findings whichreachedthe etiologicaldiagnosis, including 5definitevasculitis, 1inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and 1 amyloid neuropathy.Five biopsies are helpful for etiological diagnosis,including demyelinating neuropathy,mild inflammation,and microvascular lesion,et al.Three biopsies are of no value for etiological diagnosis which only have nonspecific change such as type 2 fiber atrophy,neurogenic atrophy and axonal degeneration et al. Finally,SPN and PBM biopsies made the definite etiological diagnosis possible in 12 patients.ConclusionsSPN and PBM biopsy improved the yield of specific pathological and etiological diagnosis of neuropathy and myopathy such as vasculitis and amyloidosis with minor trauma and side effect.Further clinical and pathological studies will be necessary for a better practice of combined nerve and muscle biopsy.

Objective To investigate the clinical,laboratory,and neuroimaging characteristics of neuroacanthocytosis.Methods Eight patients with neuroacanthocytosis were retrospectively analysed.Acanthocytes were tested by peripheral blood smear,wet preparation with saline dilution,and scanning electron microscope.Results Two male and 6 female patients were included.The age at onset was between 10 and 35 years,with a mean age at onset of 22 years.Four patients firstly presented with oral-facial-lingual dystonia,3 patients firstly presented with involuntary movements of the distal limbs and experienced the oral facial dystonia during the course of disease,and 1 patient primary presented with a parkinsonian syndrome.Four patients had generalized tonic-clonic seizures were reported in 4 patients,and 4 patients had cognitive impairment.Hypotonia and hyporeflexia were reported in 6 patients.The peripheral blood smear revealed the presence of acanthocytes in 7 patients,in addition,wet preparation with saline dilution and scanning electron microscope revealed the presence of acanthocytes in the remaining one.All patients showed slightly elevated serum creatine kinase.Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed variable atrophy of the bilateral caudate nuclei and putamen,with or without a rim of increased T2-intensity in 6 patients,but the films of 2 patients were read as normal.Electromyography and nerve conduction velocity were examined in 4 patients.The results indicated axonal damage in 2 patients,and were normal in the other 2 patients.Acanthocytosis was confirmed by peripheral blood smear in 7 cases,by wet preparation with saline dilution in 8 cases and by scanning electron microscope in 2 cases.Conclusions Neuroacanthocytosis is a progress neurodegenerative disorder mainly affected the basal ganglia. The clinical characteristics include oral facial dystonia,limbs chorea,cognitive impairment,and seizures. Brain MRI showed variable atrophy of the bilateral caudate nuclei and putamen.The peripheral blood smear,wet preparation with saline dilution,and scanning electron microscope methods of peripheral blood examination are critical in the diagnosis of neuroacanthocytosis.

Objective To summarize the clinical and pathological features of glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ⅱ. Methods The clinical and pathological data of the 20 GSD type Ⅱ patients were reviewed. Results One patient with infantile-onset mainly presented hypotonia, muscle weakness, feeding difficulties, pulmonary infection and cardiomyopathy insufficiency and increase of serum creatine kinase (778 IU/L) and echographic evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were detected. Electromyography studies indicated a definite myopathy. Nineteen cases were late-onset, presenting a slowly progressive proximal myopathy with truncal involvement or with symptoms dominated by respiratory insufficiency. Not all muscles were equally affected. Increase of serum creatine kinase (208-2600 IU/L) was detected in 14 patients and normal level in 1 patient. Electromyography studies indicated a definite myopathy in 9 patients,with abnormal irritability in 1 patient and susceptible in 4 patients and myotonic discharge in 1 patient and no abnormalities in 2 patients. Echographic evidence of thickening of the interventricular septum and pulmonary hypertension were detected in 2 patients respectively. The common light microscopic feature of all case was a vacuolar myopathy with high glycogen content and acid phosphatase activity in the vacuoles. Conclusions GSD type Ⅱ often presents slowly progressive myopathy which often affect the toro and respiratory muscles.In most patients the serum creatine kinase level is elevated slightly. Muscle biopsy is of use to make the definite diagnosis of this disease.

Objective To explore the clinical features and diagnostic method of primary natural killer( NK)/T cell meningeal lymphoma. Methods An unusual case of a 19-year-old male with primary NK/T cell meningeal lymphoma was reported. His clinical presentation and laboratory findings were discussed. The related literatures have been reviewed. Results The patient presented with diplopia,headache, vomiting and facial drooping at the onset, followed by progressive pain and weakness of the four limbs. Cerebrospinal fluid showed significant increase in pressure, leukocytes number, levels of protein,normal glucose and adenosine deaminase, negative tuberculosis antibody and sterile staining. In cerebrospinal fluid cytological analysis, May-Grunwald-Gimsa staining showed large number of atypical lymphocytes with irregular nucleus and nuclear fission, Ki-67 immunostaining showed extensive proliferative activity of the lymphoid cells. Flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid indicated 97. 98 percent of cells expressed surface CD3, CD7, CD56, CD2, CD5, and partially expressed CD8. This was a rare immunophenotype for NK/T-cell. Cranial MRI with gadolinium showed thickening of the trigeminal nerve with slight enhancement and diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement. CT of the chest and abdomen and bone marrow biopsies were negative. He was diagnosed as primary NK/T cell meningeal lymphoma based on the clinical features and related examination. Conclusions Primary NK/T cell meningeal lymphoma is a rare type of primary central nervous lymphomas which has special immunophenotype. The clinical features include progressive raised intra-cranial pressure, multiple cranial and spinal nerve involvements. Cerebrospinal fluid cytological analysis and flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis are key work-up for diagnosis. It has poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Objective To investigate the value of the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) cytology in diagnosis of intracranial germinomas by reviewing the outcomes of CSF cytology of 8 patients with intracranial germinomas. Methods Eight patients with positive CSF cytology at our clinic from January 2006 to June 2009 were reviewed. Conventional cytology and immunocytochemistry of CSF were performed. The relevant literature on the subject was reviewed. Results The patients, including 7 male and 1 female, developed endocrinological or neurological symptoms at the age of 13 to 25, and the typical neurological presentation included vertigo, headache, mental and behavior disorders, double vision and weakness of legs. The CSF cell count ranged from 0 to 300 leukocytes per cubic and elevated in 7 cases, typically lymphocytic inflammation. CSF level of human chorionic gonadotropin was 3.2-1087.0 mIU/ml, higher than the individual serum level. On CSF cytology studies, typical tumor cells of germinima were found, which had positive particles in cytoplasm on periodic acid Schiff stain. All presents had lymphocyte inflammation ( small lymphocyte predominant ). On immunocytochemical studies of CSF, the tumor cells were positive on placental alkaline phosphatase and Ki-67 stains. Conclusions CSF cytology is clinically useful for diagnosis of primary intracranial germinoma. Further clinical and cytological studies will be necessary for a better understanding of the biology of these tumors.

Objective To compare the efficacy of interscalene brachial plexus block using an ultrasound-guided method with nerostimulator-guided method.Methods Ninety ASAⅠ～Ⅱ patients scheduled for surgery of the upper extremity were randomly allocated into three groups(n=30),Control group: nerve stimulator-guided and single-injection group;US group: ultrasound-guided with nerve stimulator confirmation and single-injection group;UD group: ultrasound-guided with nerve stimulator confirmation and double-injection group.Thirty mL 0.5% ropivocaine was injected in each group.The patient in group UD received half the volume of ropivocaine injected around the two target nerves.Results The average onset time of sensory blockade in the UD group was significantly shorter than in the US group and Control group.The rate of satisfactory sensory blockade in the UD group was significantly higher than in the US group and Control group.Conclusion Ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block may shorten the onset time with fewer adverse events.The ultrasound-guided double-injection method may significantly improve the quality of blockade.