Objective To study the chemical constituents of Rhodiola kirilowii.Methods The compounds were separated and purified by various chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic methods.Results Five compounds were purified and their structures were identified as 4-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-butanenitrfle (1),epicatechin (2),arbutin (3),rutin (4),and β-D-glucose (5).Conclusion Compound 1 is a new cyano-compound and other compounds are isolated from the plant for the first time.

Roles of sympathicus, sensory neuropeptides (SNP), metabolites of cyclooxygenase, metabolites of lipoxygenase, endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF), reactive oxygen (ROS) and potassium channels (PC) in the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and hypoxic cerebral vasodilation (HCVD) were studied in intact rats, rabbits and dogs. Results were as follows: during hypoxia, the excitation of sympathicus results in a constriction of both pulmonary and cerebral vessels; SNP, EDRF and the opening of 4-AP sensitive PC caused the dilation of both of them; metabolites of lipoxygenase mediated HPV and HCVD, whereas metabolites of cyclooxygenase were their modulators; hypoxia induced blockade of the ATP sensitive PC mediated HPV, but had no effect on HCVD; reduction of O_2~+ in the lung might potentiate HPV, but had no effect on HCVD. It is suggested that the alteration of lipoxygenase metabolites, ROS and ATP sensitive PC are factors accounting for the difference in response of pulmonary and cerebral vassels to hypoxia.

Currently the available therapies cannot satisfy all the clinical requirements, therefore advanced technologies are urgently demanded. Delivery system the polymeric prodrug based has both advantages of prodrug strategy and nanoparticle drug delivery strategy. The system can improve the drug bioavailability, enhance the drug stability, and make the drug targeting system more effective. The system can reduce the side effects and improve the therapeutic effect of drug. According to the mechanism of this drug system, passive targeting, active targeting, triggered release and co-administration were reviewed. Finally, the research prospects and issues in this field were pointed out.

Genetics ; Laboratories ; Technology ; standards ; United States

OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for simultaneous determination of rutin， isoquercitrin， kaempferol-3-O- rutinoside， daunorubicin， quercetin and kaempferol in the roots of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum.  METHODS： HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Alliance SilGreen C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.2％ phosphoric acid solution-acetonitrile solution （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 360 nm and the column temperature was at 35 ℃. The sample size was 15 μL. RESULTS： The linear range of rutin， isoquercitrin， kaempferol-3- O-rutinoside， daunorubicin， quercetin and kaempferol were 21.77-217.77， 12.37-123.75， 13.23-132.31， 4.63-46.30， 5.75-57.50， 3.36-33.66 μg/mL （all r＝0.999 9）， respectively. limit of detection of them were 0.217 8， 0.123 8， 0.066 2， 0.046 3， 0.191 7， 0.112 3 μg/mL， respectively. limit of quantitation of them were 0.435 6， 0.247 5， 0.165 4， 0.154 3， 0.575 0， 0.421 2 μg/mL， respectively. RSDs of precision （n＝6）， stability （24 h， n＝7） and reproducibility tests （n＝6） were lower than 3.20％. The average recoveries of them were 96.23％， 86.88％， 97.51％， 97.67％， 97.50％， 87.46％， RSDs were 1.85％， 1.90％， 1.84％， 1.87％， 1.25％， 2.01％ （n＝9）， respectively. CONCLUSIONS： The method is fast and simple， and could be applied for simultaneous determination of rutin， isoquercitrin， kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside， daunorubicin， quercetin and kaempferol in the roots of T. hemsleyanum.  

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the dynamic changes in general body parameters, blood glucose, and blood lipid profiles in obese cynomolgus monkeys, exploring the correlations among these parameters and providing a reference for research on the obese cynomolgus monkey model. Methods30 normal male cynomolgus monkeys aged 5 - 17 years old (with body mass index < 35 kg/m² and glycated hemoglobin content < 4.50%) and 99 spontaneously obese male cynomolgus monkeys (with body mass index ≥35 kg/m² and glycated hemoglobin content < 4.50%) were selected. Over a period of three years, their abdominal circumference, skinfold thickness, body weight, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and four blood lipid indicators were monitored. The correlations between each indicator were analyzed using repeated measurement ANOVA, simple linear regression, and multiple linear regression correlation analysis method. Results Compared to the control group, the obese group exhibited significantly higher levels of abdominal circumference, skinfold thickness, body weight, body mass index, and triglyceride (P＜0.05). In the control group, skinfold thickness increased annually, while other indicators remained stable. Compared with the first year, the obese group showed significantly increased abdominal circumference, skinfold thickness, body weight, body mass index, triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose in the second year(P＜0.05), with this increasing trend persisting in the third year (P＜0.05). In the control group, the obesity incidence rates in the second and third years were 16.67% and 23.33%, respectively, while the prevalence of diabetes remained at 16.67%. In the obese group, the diabetes incidence rates were 29.29% and 44.44% in years 2 and 3, respectively. Among the 11-13 year age group, the incidence rates were 36.36% and 44.68%, while for the group older than 13 years, the rates were 28.13% and 51.35%. Correlation analysis revealed significant associations (P＜0.05) between fasting blood glucose and age, abdominal circumference, skinfold thickness, body weight, and triglyceride in the diabetic monkeys. Conclusion Long-term obesity can lead to the increases in general physical indicators and fasting blood glucose levels in cynomolgus monkeys, and an increase in the incidence of diabetes. In diabetic cynomolgus monkeys caused by obesity, there is a high correlation between their fasting blood glucose and age, weight, abdominal circumference, skinfold thickness, and triglyceride levels, which is of some significance for predicting the occurrence of spontaneous diabetes.

The integrity of lysosomes is of vital importance to survival of tumor cells. We demonstrated that LW-218, a synthetic flavonoid, induced rapid lysosomal enlargement accompanied with lysosomal membrane permeabilization in hematological malignancy. LW-218-induced lysosomal damage and lysosome-dependent cell death were mediated by cathepsin D, as the lysosomal damage and cell apoptosis could be suppressed by depletion of cathepsin D or lysosome alkalization agents, which can alter the activity of cathepsins. Lysophagy, was initiated for cell self-rescue after LW-218 treatment and correlated with calcium release and nuclei translocation of transcription factor EB. LW-218 treatment enhanced the expression of autophagy-related genes which could be inhibited by intracellular calcium chelator. Sustained exposure to LW-218 exhausted the lysosomal capacity so as to repress the normal autophagy. LW-218-induced enlargement and damage of lysosomes were triggered by abnormal cholesterol deposition on lysosome membrane which caused by interaction between LW-218 and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1. Moreover, LW-218 inhibited the leukemia cell growth