Components separation is the key technology in biorefinery. Combination of steam explosion and laccase was used, and synergistic effect of the combined pretreatment was evaluated in terms of physical structure, chemical components and extraction of lignin. The results showed that steam explosion can destroy the rigid structure and increase the specific surface area of straw, which facilitated the laccase pretreatment. The laccase pretreatment can modify the lignin structure based on the Fourier transform infrared test, as a result the delignification of straw was enhanced. Nuclei Growth model with a time dependent rate constant can describe the delignification, and the kinetics parameters indicated that the combined pretreatment improved the reaction sites and made the delignification reaction more sensitive to temperature. The combined pretreatment enhanced delignification, and can be a promising technology as an alternative to the existing pretreatment.
Biotechnology ; methods ; Laccase ; chemistry ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Steam

‘Controlling spirit’is the key point of efficacy of acupuncture treatment, which goes throughout the treatment. Both doctor and patient have to understand each other and closely cooperate to get full control of spirit. Try to be carefully to examine the condition and get psychological relaxation before inserting needle, concentrate the spiri and get mind in the needle on inserting needle, give attention to needling sensation after inserting needle, setting the mind to conserve energies and regulate emotion-thought after witherawing needle.To achieve controlling spirit includes understanding spirit, influencing spirit, focus on spirit, and maintaining spirit, then to improve the clinical curative effect and obtain the the best results.

Objective To examine how ischemic time under common temperature affects acute rejection by using a rat vascularized skin transplantation model.Methods Vascularized groin flaps were transplanted from BN to Lewis rats with 1,2,3 and 4 h of ischemic time (Isc-1 h,2 h,3 h,4 h groups) under common temperature,and the allografts in each group were evaluated daily.Groin flaps were transplanted from Lewis to Lewis rats as control group.Biopsy samples taken from the each group on the postoperative day 2-8 were graded for signs of acute rejection.Biopsy samples taken from each group on the postoperative day 6 were stained for chemokine receptor CXCR3.Results When the ischemia time was 1,2,3 and 4 h,the survival time of the grafts was (9.0 ± 1.2),(8.6 ±1.1),(8.8 ± 1.3),and (7.0 ± 0.8) days respectively.The survival time in Isc-4 h group was significantly shorter than in other groups (P＜0.05).Histological evaluation showed acceleration of activated lymphocyte infiitration in the Isc-4 h group as compared with other g.roups.Furthermore,the proportion of CXCR3 positive cells in the Isc-4 h group was (50.1 ± 8.4) ％,significantly higher than that in the other groups on the day 6 after transplantation.Conclusion When ischemic time was over 3 h,the immune response is accelerated.The acceleration is associated with the higher expression of CXCR3 in the infiltrated cells.

Sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill) is an abundant and widely distributed Chinese native plant. Sumac fruit contains low content of vegetable oil, as an atypical oil plants hardly being processed through traditional vegetable oil production technologies. Based on our own studies on the characteristics of sumac fruit and branches, we established a novel model of sumac biomass refinery, and constructed the sumac biomass refinery technology system and eco-industrial chain integration. Steam explosion was the key technology, and several components fractionation technologies were integrated in the sumac biomass refinery system. The fractionated components were converted into different products depending on their functional features. Eight products including sumac fruit oil, biodiesel, protein feed, flavonoids, unbleached facial tissue, phenolic resin, biomass briquette and biogas were produced in the refinery. The extracted sumac fruit oil by steam explosion pretreatment was applied for the new food resource of Ministry of Health, and the permit was approved. This research provides a new model for the development of atypical wild plant resources.
Biofuels ; Biomass ; Chemical Fractionation ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; Formaldehyde ; chemistry ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Phenols ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Plant Oils ; chemistry ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Rhus ; chemistry ; Steam

BACKGROUND: Currently, studies have focused on the role and mechanism of nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in the pathological process of acute lung injury in burned rats, such as the targeting inhibition of kB kinase by miR-155, which further weakens the activity of nuclear factor-KB and plays a role in acute lung injury in burned rats. However, there are still some pathological mechanisms to be studied and confirmed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of miR-155 on acute lung injury in burned rats through nuclear factor-KB pathway. METHODS: The rat models of acute lung injury were established by warm water bath simulating bum injury. The burned rats were divided into acute lung injury, miR-155-mimics and miR-155-inhibitor groups. After fluid resuscitation, the rats in the miR-155-mimics and miR-155-inhibitor groups were injected into the tail vein of 5 |_iL of miR-155-mimics and miR-155-inhibitions, respectively. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1 p in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were detected by ELISA. The lung morphology in the three groups was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The protein expression levels of nuclear factor-KB and cyclooxygenase 2 were evaluated by western blot assay. The nuclear factor-KB protein in lung tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the severity of lung injury in the miR-155-inhibitor group, acute lung injury group and the miR-155-mimics group was increased gradually (P < 0.05). (2) ELISA results showed that compared with the acute lung injury group, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1 p were increased in the miR-155-mimics group (P < 0.05), and decreased in the miR-155-inhibitor group (P < 0.05). (3) Western blot assay results showed that compared with the acute lung injury group, the expression levels of nuclear factor-KB and cyclooxygenase 2 proteins were increased in the miR-155-mimics group (P < 0.05), and decreased in the miR-155-inhibitor group (P < 0.05). (4) Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression level of nuclear factor-KB was increased in the miR-155-inhibitor group, which was dark brown. The expression of nuclear factor-KB in cytoplasm and nucleus of neutrophils, mononuclear macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells was the most obvious. (5) These results indicate that in lung tissue cells, decreased miR-155 can down-regulate nuclear factor-KB activity, which reduces the inflammatory response of the lung between the damaged tissue. The study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of the First People’s Hospital of Neijiang, approval No. 1801270.

Objective To compare disk diffusion with E-test methods for clarithromycin susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori).Methods A total of 44 strains of H.pylori were isolated from gastric mucosa biopsy from patients undergoing gastroscopic examination.Disk diffusion and E-test methods were used for clarithromycin susceptibility testing of H.pylori.The agreement of disk diffusion and E-test was assessed by linear regression analysis.Results The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tested by E-test method ranged from 0.016 to 256 μg/mL,and drug resistance was observed in 12(27.3％) isolates.In range of 0-35 mm of inhibition diameter,the results of disk diffusion method were correlated well with the MICs obtained by E-test method (r2 =0.91,P ＜0.01).Regression analysis showed that with inhibition diameters≥ 18 mm as considered sensitive to clarithromycin and ≤ 15 mm as resistant,the agreement was 100％ between two methods.Conclusion The disk diffusion method is equivalent to the E-test method for clarithromycin susceptibility testing of H.pylori,which can be an alternative method for clinical application.

Objective To explore the accuracy and radiation dose of the right ventricular analysis with DSCT(dual-source computed tomography)using dual-step prospective ECG trigger.Methods Fortyeight consecutive patients who were suspected or diagnosed with coronary artery disease were examined with DSCT coronary angiography and MRI ventricular analysis.Sequential acquisition and dual-step prospective ECG-trigger were used with 30％-90％ width R-R interval.Full tube current output was adopted at 70％ (HR ≤70 bpm)or 40％ (HR ＞ 70 bpm) R-R interval according to heart rates,while 20％ current output was adopted in other R-R interval.Coronary artery was divided into 16 segments according to the American Heart Association.Image quality of coronary arteries were graded with 4-points scale.The DSCT date was reconstructed with 5％ R-R interval.RVESV,RVEDV and RVEF were evaluated in DSCT and MRI.Results Forty-two cases accomplished DSCT and MRI examination.In 558 evaluated coronary segments,96.42％ could be diagnosed.The average radiation dose was(2.82 ± 0.55)mSy.Paired t-test indicated that the RVESV,RVEDV and RVEF of DSCT and MRI had no statistically significant differences (t =-0.28,0.44 and 1.49,P＞0.05),and the correlation was high (r =0.89,0.89,0.87).Conclusions The two generation DSCT with dual-step prospective ECG-triggered sequential acquisition can be used in coronary angiography and right ventricular function analysis simultaneously,which is high in imaging quality of coronary artery,reliable in right ventricular function analysis,as well as lower in radiation dose.

Objective To summarize the perioperative characters of femoral neck fractures in patients aged at over 80 years by analyzing the surgical treatment procedures. Methods A retrospective study was done on data of patients with femoral neck fractures treated surgically from June 2000 and June 2008. There were 25 males and 36 females, at average age of 83.4 years (80-94 years). Of all, there were 53 patients with fresh fractures including six with type Garden Ⅰ or Ⅱ fractures and 47 with type Garden Ⅲ or Ⅳ fractures, eight with old fractures ( all type Garden Ⅳ). Fifty-one patients (84%) were accompanied with preexisted internal medical or neurological diseases. Six patients with type Garden Ⅰ or Ⅱ fractures were treated with cannulated screw fixation (CSF). Among 55 patients with type Garden Ⅲ or Ⅳ fractures inclu-ding 47 fresh fractures and 8 old ones, 53 patients were treated by hip hemiarthroplasty (HHA) but the other two by cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) because of preexisting hip osteoarthritis. Results The average operation duration and blood loss were 51 minutes and 50 ml in CSF group, 81 minutes and 180 ml in HHA group, 105 minutes and 350 ml in THA group. Fifteen patients (25%) had postoperative com-plications, mostly hypotension, cardiac insufficiency and atrial fibrillation, accounting for 12%. Postoperative hemoglobin was decreased by 11.9%, 17.1% and 18. 1% on average respectively in CSF group, HHA group and THA group, and postoperative albumin decreased by 10.8%, 18. 1% and 20.2% on average respectively in CSF group, HHA group and THA group. There were 17 patients (28%) with hemoglobin below 100 g/L and four (7%) with albumin below 30 g/L after operation. Conclusions The patients aged ≥80 years with femoral neck fractures are usually accompanied with preexisted internal medical or neurological diseases and have high risk in operation. Adequate preoperative preparation and active prevention and treatment of perioperative complications are important for successful operation and good postoperative results.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic role of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in the smear and culture negative tuberculosis.Methods The tuberculosis suspected patients with spu-tum-negative for three times and with hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy were randomly divided into 2 groups,study group received EBUS-TBNA and bronchoalveolar lavage group(BAL) examination,control group received BAL examination only.Chi-square test was used to compare their diagnostic sensitivity and negative predictive value.Results Totally 82 patients were included this study,40 patients were in control group and 42 in the study group.In the control group,tuberculosis was confumed in only 8 cases by means of bacteriological examination in the BAL fluid,27 were confirmed by the following surgery ordiagnostic treatment of anti-Tuberculosis,and the other 5 cases were diagnosis as other diseases; In the study group,tuberculosis was confirmed in 28 patients through bacteriological and pathological examination,8 were false negative and the other 6 were diagnosis as non-tuberculosis diseases.The diagnostic sensitivity in the study group was significantly higher than that in control group (77.8％ verus 22.9％,x2 =21.4,P ＜ 0.01 ) ; and the negative predictive value in the EBUS-TBNA group was also significantly higher than that in the BAL group (42.9％ VS 15.6％,x2 =3.97,P =0.046).Complications were similar inthese 2 groups,only 1 case of intervention required puncture site bleeding happened in the study group.Conclusion EBUSTBNA has a higher sensitivity and negative predictive value in the diagnosis of smear and culture negative pulmorary tuberculosis patients with hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes.This technique is a safe method with few complications than the traditional BAL examination.It may play an important role in the diagnosis of smear and culture negative tuberculosis patients.

ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of endovascular embolization in patients with cryptogenic massive hemoptysis who were all long-term smokers.Methods Aortography and subclavian artery angiography were performed in 21long-term smokers with cryptogenicmassive hemoptysis.Transarterial embolization (TAE) was performed in patients with detectable pathologic systemic arteries.The angiographic findings were reviewed and the clinical and follow-up CT results were observed.ResultsThe pathologic systemic arteries were all bronchial arteries (BAs) and thirty-five arteries were involved.The angiography demonstrated peripheral hyperplasia in all BAs,with 24 pathologic BAs supplying the right lung and 25 supplying the upper lobes.In thirty-five BAs,24 showed hypertrophy and 11 were normal.TAE of the pathologic BAs was successfully performed and cessation of bleeding was achieved in all patients.During follow-up,one patient had episodic bloody sputum after embolization and no recurrence in all patients.The follow-up CTdemonstratednoadditionalabnormalitybesidespre-existingpulmonaryemphysema.Conclusion Cryptogenic massive hemoptysis in long-term smokers efficiently treated by endovascular embolization of the responsible bronchial artery.