Epilepsy is one of the five major neuropsychiatric diseases on which the World Health Organization focuses. New treatment methods are emerging, such as neuromodulation and radiofrequency ablation to remove lesions and precise treatment for gene mutation. However, antiepileptic drug therapy is still the first choice mostly. Since potassium bromide was applicated in epilepsy in 1857, which opened the prelude to the development of modern antiepileptic drugs, more than 20 kinds of antiepileptic drugs have been used in clinical practice. This article reviews the present status and future development of antiepileptic drugs at home and abroad.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of low frequency current hydroelectric bath therapy modulated by medium frequency on sequela of sprain of ankle. Methods46 patients with sequela of sprain of ankle were treated with ZM C intellectual faculties intermediate frequency therapeutics instrument. Medium frequency was modulated with full square wave. The frequency of carrying wave was 4KHz. The frequency of modulated wave was 100Hz. The depth of modulation was 80%. The water temperature was 40℃.ResultsAfter treatment, all patients got satisfactory effect and shorter treating course without adverse reactions appearing. Conclusions The low frequency current hydroelectric bath therapy modulated by medium frequency is a simple, safe and better treating method for sequela of sprain of ankle.

On the basis of motor status of the frontalis musecle and the mouth corner 4 to 20 days after the onset, the degree and prognosis of facial paralysis of 218 cases were evaluated for 1～3 years. 44 cases belonged to neurapraxic type. In this type,visible motor recovery of frontalis and mouth corner was observed in 15 to 29 days after onset. Mild paralysis type (93 cases), in whom visible motor power of mouth corner appeared following the motor recovery of frontalis 14～20 days after onset, showed a total recovery in 24 to 40 days (84%). In moderate paralysis type, slight or absent visible motor recovery of frontalis was observed. Visible frontalis and mouth corner motor power appeared 20 days to 2 months after onset, with normal frontalis recovery in 42 cases.In 3 cases frontalis motor power recovered for 25% to 50%, and in 45 cases (67%) residual symptoms and complications were observed. Severe paralysis type consisted of 75% of patients, 36 patients, in whom the frontalis did not completely recover and 92% had residual symptoms and complications.Therefore, according to motor status of the frontalis and mouth corner, facial paralysis could be classified in predicting the prognosis.

ObjectiveIn our study, the electrical current intensities of 0.05ms square wavelenth in I/t curve were explored in diagnosing damage degree and predicting prognosis of facial paralysis.MethodsAccording to tested 0.05ms intensity values of fronto-occipital muscle and orbicular muscle of mouth in healthy side of 236 cases with facial paralysis and that values of 30 cases with completely-absent nerve, the standard of diagnosing slight, moderate and severe facial paralysis was made. A follow-up survey for the recovery of 198 cases evaluated by House-Brachmann facial nerve grading system was made for one to three years.ResultsIt is found that there were 113 slight cases and 89% of them recovered in 40 days, 112 cases reached to H-B Ⅰgrade; 82% of 49 moderate cases recovered in 4-5 months; 36 severe cases appeared visible mouth corner movement in 2-5 months after onset, and 92% of them had complications or sequelae.Conclusions Intensities of 0.05ms square wavelenth can help in diagnosing damage degree and predicting prognosis of facial paralysis.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of left move and twists of I/t curve on predicting prognosis of facial paralysis.Methods181 cases with 171 Bell's palsy and 10 Hunt's syndrome were examined with I/t curve of frontal muscle and upper orbicularis. The assessing criterion of diseases course was determined according to the recovery time of frontal muscle evaluated by raising eyebrow, the recovery time of orbicularis ascertained by House-Brackmann Ⅰ, Ⅱ grades and stable phase in partial moderate and severe facial paralysis.ResultsThe recovery time of frontal muscle and orbicularis between twist and non-twist in I/t curve and in sex was not significant. The left move of I/t curve was confined to slight, moderate and severe arranges; the recovery time was not significant also. Twist rate in I/t curve was highest in moderate facial paralysis and then second in orbicularis of slight paralysis. The left move of I/t curve had a very significant relationship with recovery time of frontal muscle and orbicualris.ConclusionThe left move of I/t curve plays a very important role in determining nerve injury degrees and predicting prognosis of facial paralysis.

BACKGROUND:Animal modeling has reported that psychological stress can lead temporomandibular joint disease in rats, and there wil be pathological changes.
OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of psychological stress on the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1 in rat temporomandibular joint condylar chondrocytes
METHODS:Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, 6 rats in the experimental group and 12 rats in the control group. Thirty-six Wister male adult rats in the experimental group were subjected to the fol owing stimulating factors, such as electroshock, keeping stil ness, climate change and food tempting in order to make them under psychological stress. Then, the experimental group rats were executed at 3 weeks after stimulation (3 weeks stimulation group), 6 weeks after stimulation (6 weeks stimulation group) and 6 weeks normal feeding after 6 week stimulation (recovery group), 12 rats were sacrificed at each time point. The 12 rats in the control group were executed at the same time as the last experimental group. The temporomandibular joint specimens were taken to produce slices.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The vascular endothelial growth factor-positive rate of recovery group was significantly larger than that of the 3 weeks stimulation group and the control group (P<0.05);transforming growth factor-β1 positive rate in the 6 weeks stimulation group was significantly greater than that in the control group (P<0.05). It indicated that vascular endothelial growth factor was related with the new blood capil aries repairing tissue, and transforming growth factor-β1 might play a role that stimulates bone resorption in psychological stress.

Objective To assess cerebrovascular reserve capacity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS).Methods One hundred and fourteen patients with OSAHS and 43 normal persons were enrolled in this study.The patients were divided into mild,moderate,severe according to apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and LSaO2 (lowest arterial oxygen saturation).All the patients and normal persons were routinely examined using transcranial Doppler (TCD) and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure(ETCO2) to evaluate cerebrovascular reserve.Hypercapnia was induced by inhaling the CO2 which produced by the patients themselves,and hypocapnia was elicited by voluntary hyperventilation.Results CVR in the severe and moderate OSAHS were significantly lower than that in the control group [ (1.80 ± 1.34) ％/mm Hg and (1.43 ±1.05)％/mm Hg vs (2.93 ±0.93)％/mm Hg,P ＜0.05] when patients in the condition of hypocapnia.And there was no significant difference on CRV between the mild OSAHS group and control group [ (2.53 ±1.83 ) ％/mm Hg vs ( 2.93 ± 0.93 ) ％/mm Hg,P ＞ 0.05 ].When patients in the condition of Hypercapnia,CRV in the severe and moderate OSAHS were also significantly lower than that in the control group [ ( 1.83 ±1.32) ％/mm Hg and (1.08 ± 1.00)％/mm Hg vs (3.32 ± 1.53)％/mm Hg,P ＜ 0.05),AHI was negatively correlated with the cerebrovascular reserve at the condition of hypercapnia and hypocapnia (r=-0.665,-0.721; P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Inhaling CO2 is a effective method for assessing CVR.Cerebrovascular reserve capacity is associated with AHI.Reduced CVR causes hemodynamics change being severe hypoxia in the moderate and severe OSAHS.

Objective To investigate the effects of pulsed magnetic fields of different intensity on carotid restenosis (CRS), post carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Methods An animal model of carotid altherosclerosis was established in 50 New Zealand rabbits by using air-drying lesions combined with high fat feed. After two months, the rabbits were treated with bilateral CEA, and then divided randomly into 3 groups. Two of the groups were treated with ei-ther 0.6 or 1.0 T pulsed magnetic fields, while the third group served as an untreated blank control. Changes in the pathology of the tunica intima were observed 1, 2 and 3 months after the CEA using morphologic analysis, and the expression of MMP-2 in the VSMC was determined using immunohistochemistry. Results The histological a-nalysis showed that the total luminal area, plaque area, the maximum plaque thickness and the proportion of siena-sis in the treated groups were all significandy lower, on average, than in the control group. At all three time points the average improvements in the 1.0 T group were significantly greater than in the 0.6 T group. The average ex-pression of MMP-2 in the treated groups was significantly lower than in the control group, especially in the 1.0 T group. Conclusions Pulsed magnetic field therapy positively influences CRS and the expression of MMP-2 in VSMC. Reduced MMP-2 expression might be one of the mechanisms through which pulsed magnetic fields prevent or lessen carotid restenosis post CEA.

Objective To evaluate the effect of silver needle injection therapy on rat with sports muscle injury. Methods Twenty-one healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the injury group (n = 3),the silver needle group (n=12) and the control group (n=3). The expressions of bFGF and GDNF in gastrocnemius muscle tendon junction were detected on 7 d ,14 d and 28 d post-injury. Results No significant difference in the appearance of the injured tissue was found in both two groups on 7 d post-injury. The appearance of the injured tissue was better in the silver needle group than that in the control group on 14 d and 28 d post-injury. The tissue was almost normal in the therapy group on 28 d post-injury; The expression of bFGF in the therapy group was higher than that in the injury control group on 7 d and 14 d post-injury (P < 0.01). The expression of bFGF markedly decreased in the therapy group compared with the control group (P < 0.01) on 28 d post-injury. The expression of GDNF in the therapy group was higher than that in the injury control group on 7 d ,14 d and 28 d post-injury (P<0.01). Conclusion The silver needle injection therapy has the therapeutic effect on sports muscle injury reparation, which can increase the expression of bFGF and GDNF efficiently.

OBJECTIVE:To provide identification reference for the clinical use of Cinnabaris. METHODS:TCM micro-macro-scopical identification method and microscopic identification method were used. RESULTS:The micro-macroscopical characteristics were obtained:irregular granule or sheet block,different forms,wide bright red,opuque translucent with some luster; some sam-ples showed irregular lump with big shape,red scale on surface,dulling or gray-black. The were microscopic characteristics ob-tained:different forms of irregular granule,some sheet block,wide bright red,with some luster,occasionally with yellow gran-ules. CONCLUSIONS:The method for micro-macroscopical identification and microscopic identification of Cinnabaris is simple and convenient,and it can be used for the rapid verification of Cinnabaris.