Epilepsy is one of the five major neuropsychiatric diseases on which the World Health Organization focuses. New treatment methods are emerging, such as neuromodulation and radiofrequency ablation to remove lesions and precise treatment for gene mutation. However, antiepileptic drug therapy is still the first choice mostly. Since potassium bromide was applicated in epilepsy in 1857, which opened the prelude to the development of modern antiepileptic drugs, more than 20 kinds of antiepileptic drugs have been used in clinical practice. This article reviews the present status and future development of antiepileptic drugs at home and abroad.

Objective:To investigate the affects of NOD2 on rapamycin (Rap)induced autophagy and on the proliferation and mi-gration of tongue squamous carcinoma SCC-1 5 cells.Methods:① Synthesized NOD2 over-expression plasmid and NOD2-shRNA were transfected into SCC-1 5 cells respectively.②Normal control SCC-1 5 cells,NOD2 over-expression cells and NOD2-shRNA cells were treated with Rap to induce autophagy.Then,the expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 was examined by Western blot.Cell pro-liferation was tested by MTT assay.Cell migration was assessed by wound healing assay.Results:①After Rap treatment,the expres-sion of protein LC3-Ⅱand Beclin-1 in NOD2 over-expression cells increased(P <0.05)and in NOD2-shRNA cells were suppressed (P <0.05).② Compared with control group,the proliferation and migration ability were decreased in NOD2 over-expression cells (P <0.05),but in NOD2-shRNA cells the proliferation and migration ability were increased(P <0.05).Conclusion:NOD2 can up-regulate the autophagy and suppress the proliferation and migration of tongue squamous SCC-1 5 cells.

Objective To investigate the possible association between two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene and epileptic drug resistance in a central Chinese Han population.Methods A case control study was performed in 364 epileptic patients.According to the criteria of drug resistant epilepsy proposed by International League Against Epilepsy in 2010,143 patients were classified into drug resistant group and 221 patients into drug responsive group.The peripheral venous blood of each patient was collected for DNA extraction after clinical evaluation.The candidate ApoE SNPs loci,including rs7412 and rs769450,were genotyped by BeadChip Scanning and GoldenGate Assay following the Illumina protocols.The differences in allelic and genotypic frequency were compared between groups.Linkage disequilibrium was calculated through SHEsis platform.Results There was no significant difference for genotype or allele of rs7412 between groups.The GG genotype (OR =2.038,95％ CI 1.196-3.475,P=0.009) and G allele (OR =1.618,95％CI 1.193-2.193,P=0.002) of rs7412 were significantly more abundant in the drug resistant group.As for idiopathic epileptic patients,the GG genotype (OR =2.110,95％ CI 1.189-3.744,P =0.011) and G allele (OR =1.641,95％ CI 1.187-2.270,P =0.003) of rs7412 were still significantly more abundant in the drug resistant group.There was no linkage disequilibrium between the two loci with D' value of 0.072.Conclusion The GG genotype and G allele of ApoE rs769450 may be associated with epileptic drug resistance in a central Chinese Han population.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and distribution of pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus in Han population aged over 60 years in Urumqi. Methods The physical examination and 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed in 2210 people, including 1231 elderly people aged over 60 years (old age group) and 951 people aged 40-59 years (middle age group). The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was established according to WHO criteria in 1999. Results In Han ethnic people, the prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes were 32.2% and 29.0% respectively in old age group, and were significantly higher than in middle age group ( 12.3% and 20.9%,x2= 192.62, P＜0.05). The prevalence rates of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were higher in old age group than in middle age people (21.6% vs. 13.9%, x2 = 20.97, P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference in the prevalence rate of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) between the two groups. The prevalence rate of metabolism syndrome (MS) was higher in old age group than in middle age group (52.2% vs. 33.7%, x2 =73.77, P＜0.05). The multivariable analysis showed that hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus were risk factors for development of diabetes mellitus in elderly Han population (x2 =44.34, P＜0.05). Conclusions The prevalence rates of diabetes and pre-diabetes are considerably high in the current state. It should be strengthened to prevent and treat diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes in Urumqi Han population,especially in residents aged over 60 years.

Objective Provided the basis on psychological treatment for the earthquake wounded, through investigated the psychological healthy condition of them in Yushu, Qinghai Province. Method To investigated the 102 cases earthquake wounded from 15 - 18 April 2010 who transported from Yushu, Qinghai to West China hospital of Sichuan University; Accept standard: The wounded (96 cases) who could cooperated this investigative; Adopted the Hamiton anxiety scale( HAMA) to had a review investigation for the wounded in the from of talk, and used the SPSS statistics software to have the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test and correlation analysis for the investigation data. Results There were 55 of the 96 cases have been confirmed anxiety, HAMA > 14 points; 16 cases had serious anxiety (HAMA > 29 points); The average score in all of them equal to (17.3 ±10.8) points. And there was a remarkable difference between male and female. The age is possible have related degree with the wounded anxious. What the main in their characteristics of them was Psychic anxiety. Conclusions There was apparent anxiety of them whom came from Yushu, Qinghai, and they needed proactive psychological treatment, female、 middle-aged and elderly need more.

Objective To explore the arterial function of the Miao nationality people who live in natural circumstance.Methods 244 Miaos were mcmited in our studv.Right blood pressure and biochemistry examination were measured.PWV and CAVI were measured using validated automatic devices and used as indexes of arterial stiffness.Ultrasonic indexes such as carotid diameter,carotid plaque,IMT、flow-mediated dilation(FMD) were measured as well.Results Body mass index,waist-to-hip ratio,heart rates,blood lipid level and glucose had no significant difierence between male and female groups.Arterial function indexes such as C-F PWV(9.50±2.14 vs.8.81±1.69,t=2.074,P=0.006),C-R PWV(11.39±1.74 vs.10.54±1.77,t=3.506,P<0.001),R-CAVI(8.25±1.35 vs.7.41±1.20,t=4.768,P<0.001),L-CAVI(8.21±1.30 vs.7.41±1.15,t=4.616,P<0.001),R-IMT(0.67±O.12 vs.0.63±0.13,t=2.503,P=0.012) and L-IMT(0.67±0.11 vs.0.63±0.14,t=2.337,P=O.018) had significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions The medical condition of the Mians needs to be impmved.It is useful to diagnose patients and hish risk people by systemic arterial function examination.

Objective:To investigate the functional status of dendritic cells(DCs)in oral leukoplakia(OLK)tissues.Methods:The expression of DC-specific markers CD1 a,CD209,CD1 23 and CD83 in 20 cases of OLK with abnormal dysplasia,1 0 with simple dys-plasia and 1 0 of normal oral mucosa tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry.Results:CD1 a and CD209 positive DCs were found in all cases.More CD1 a positive Langehans cells(LCs)in lamina propria were found in OLK with abnormal dysplasia than in normal o-ral mucosa and OLK with simple dysplasia(P <0.01 ).A great mount of CD209 positive stromal DCs were recruited in OLK.There was no CD83 positive and CD1 23 positive cell in normal oral mucosa,however,CD83 positive mature DCs and CD1 23 positive plasmacytoid DCs(PDCs)were observed in OLK(P <0.01 ).Conclusion:OLK is characterized by the recruitment of different subsets of DCs,the different DC subsets may play an important role in the development of OLK.

Objective Aiming at detecting Staphylococcus aureus、Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae in laboratory animals,the paper provides a rapid,sensitive and simple test method.Methods According to Staphylococcus aureus nuc gene,Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasI gene,Klebsiella pneumonia PhoE gene and general 16S rRNA gene, designed specific primers;Through the optimization of multiplex PCR primer concentrations and annealing temperature, the specificity and sensitivity of detection, establishing multiplex PCR system.Application of the PCR system test specimens of artificial infections and experiment animal feces is compared with traditional test method.Results Multiplex PCR amplification of Staphylococcus aureus (153 bp), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (600 bp) with Klebsiella pneumoniae (368 bp) and general (520 bp).The multiplex sensitivity for the purpose of 10pg, specificity of detection was not detected from other pathogens.Application of establishing multiplex PCR system to detect the artificial positive samples, and detect 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa positive case in 76 fecals.Conclusions This paper established the multiplex PCR method which has the advantages of specific,sensitive,simple and rapid, and provides a reliable way for rapid test in laboratory animals microbiology.

The aim of this study is to establish a multiplex polymerase chain raction (PCR) to identify of four kinds of laboratory animal pathogens: Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae.Methods Specific primers were designed based on GenBank data.The multiplex PCR system was established through optimization of multiple PCR and detection of its specificity and sensitivity.This technique was used to test artificially infected samples and tracheal secretions of experimental animals (rat, mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, hamster), and comparing the detection results by this method and traditional detection test.Results Target bands of Pasteurella multocida (356 bp), Bordetella bronchiseptica (237 bp), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (266 bp), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (142 bp) were obtained, with a detection sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumoniae of 10 pg, and that of Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma pneumoniae of 1 pg by this newly developed multiplex PCR assay.No target bands were observed from the non-specific pathogens of artificially infected samples.The tracheal secretions taken from 45 experimental animals (mice and rabbits) were tested with this new PCR assay, among which 15 cases of Klebsiella pneumonia and 9 cases of Pasteurella multocida were detected as positive, while all the results of traditional method and serological test were negative.Conclusions A simple, rapid, specific and highly sensitive multiplex PCR system has been successfully established.It is valuable for detection of Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae in laboratory animals.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of the rpoB, KatG and inhA genes mutations in rifampin and isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) clinical isolates in Baise district, Guangxi autonomous region. Methods 128 MTB clinical strains were collected and isolated for drug susceptibility testing, and drug resistant strain DNA was subtracted for rpoB, KatG and inhA genes mutation analysis. Results 75%(27/36)isolates carried mutations in the rpoB gene,and 59.3%(16/27)isolates carried mutations in 531 sites. 44.1%(15/34) isolates carried mutations in KatG or inhA, and 66.7%(10/15) isolates appeared in KatG 315 site, with two new mutations found in KatG 279 and 427 site. In these mutation isolates, 13.3%(2/15) mutations appeared in inhA 5, 6.7%(1/15) in inhA 16, and 20%(3/15) in both katG and inhA. Conclusions The mutation of rpoB, katG and inhA genes in TB is highly correlated with its resistance to rifampin and isoniazid in Baise district, Guangxi autonomous region. The study will provide a basis for further understanding the anti-bacterium mechanism and quick diagnostic methods for drug-resistant tuberculosis.