OBJECTIVE:To explore the willingness-to-pay and influential factors of citizens for angina pectoris treatment. METHODS:Close-ended questionnaire and open-ended questionnaire that are the two question types of contingent valuation meth-od was adopted to interview the citizens in Guiyang city by face to face and one to one,and the result was analyzed. RESULUTS:Totally 351 questionnaires were sent out and 351 were valid with effective rate of 100%. The average age was 40.72 years old (SD=16.86) with 51.28%(108 pearsons) males. And willingness-to-pay price of 67.24%(708 pearsons or times) was higher than initial setting price;an average of 457.44 yuan per month was given to the treatment with 98% effectiveness(the initial set-ting price was 200 yuan per month);and an average of 28.41 yuan per month was given to the treatment with 10% effectiveness (the initial setting price was 20 yuan per month). The better the effectiveness,the larger the willingness-to-pay value was given,a woman,belonging to the minority group,aged 45 and above,college educational level and above,or never do physical exercise gave the larger willingness-to-pay values;moreover,the larger willingness-to-pay values were given when the severity of original hypothesis health state was severe,or the questions were displayed with the high effectiveness of treatment followed the low effec-tiveness. CONCLUSIONS:The effectiveness of treatment,the order of willingness-to-pay questions,the original hypothesis of health state,the characteristics and habits of patients are the factors affecting the willingness-to-pay of patients. Contingent valua-tion method is an effective way to investigate the willingness-to-pay values.

BACKGROUND: With the popularization of higher education in China and the contribution of undergraduates to all the future social fields, the attitude and cognition of undergraduates on the human organ donation will undoubtedly influence the attitude and cognition of the future whole society on the organ transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the attitude and cognition of undergraduates on the human organ donation. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Investigation analysis was conducted in March 2008 at the Neijiang Teachers Institute and Jiangnan University. PARTICIPANTS: Questionnaire survey was carried out among 606 undergraduates. METHODS: Open questionnaire containing 2 questions was used in the survey. Students in one class were all investigated, and content analysis was done using uniform coding, and frequency and its percentage were used as statistical indexes. The 2 questions were: Whether you are in favor of cadaver organ donation or not? Whether you are in favor of healthy people to donate their organs or not? MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whether undergraduates are in favor of cadaver organ donation and living organ donation, and their corresponding reasons. RESULTS: 606 questionnaires were all taken back. 819 person-times were in favor of cadaver organ donation while 77 person-times opposed. Most of the undergraduates recognized cadaver organ donation from the ethics angle, then from effect, psychology and fair angle. 448 person-times were in favor of living organ donation while 392 person-times opposed. Most of the undergraduates recognized living organ donation from the ethics and effect angle, students who recognized this from the psychology angle opposed living organ donation, students who recognized this from the fair and other angle also opposed living organ donation. CONCLUSION: Living organ donation put the undergraduates in an embarrassing situation with conflicting opinions. The undergraduates think that living organ donation cost too much and it is unfair for healthy people to donate. The undergraduates are virtuous and have strong willing to extend themselves and to be perfect, while some undergraduates cannot accept organ donation because of the traditional ideas.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the economics of Yindan xintai dropping pills in the treatment of angina pectoris caused by coronary heart disease from societal perspectives. METHODS:Therapy regimens related to Yindan xintai dropping pills and con-trol regimens were selected from published literatures included in database,and the cost of therapy regimens and clinical effect data were extracted from literatures. Contingent evaluation method was used to measure people's willingness-to-pay for angina pectoris treatments. An econometric model was conducted to transfer the effectiveness data to benefit data. The economics of treatment was evaluated depending upon net benefit or incremental net benefit indicator. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:When Yindan xintai drop-ping pills is used alone,its net benefit is >0,indicating economical advantage;56 d therapy regimen is better than 28 d therapy. When Yindan xintai dropping pills were combined with glyceryl trinitrate tablet,Isosorbide mononitrate sustained-release tablet, Simvastatin dispersible tablet and other drugs,its incremental net benefit is better than control regimens and has good economics.

Control of teaching quality plays a very important role in the stable improvement of teaching quality. Establishing a scientific and effective teaching quality control model is conductive to strengthening the teaching management and improving the teaching quality. In the research and prac-tice of teaching quality monitoring mode,we explored and constructed a new monitoring mode-collec-tive teaching demonstration in English,which laid a solid foundation for improving bilingual teaching quality and realizing the sustainable development.

A higher school wants to possess a highlight status in the international educational market,it must launch an attack actively,compete and grab market,anneal ourselves to boost up competition.So,to drive the lasting development of foreign medical students' education in our school,we must progress with time,and deepen reform.

Objective To assess the quality of examination paper,level of examination paper proposition,teachers' teaching quality and teaching effect by sampling inspection of examination paper.Methods Examination papers of 85 courses were quantitatively assessed by using evaluation form of Examination Paper Quality of Anhui Medical University.Results Propositions of papers were well or largely complied with the requirements of syllabus.2.4％ of examination papers had content errors.Students' scores of 91.6％ papers were in normal distribution.Quality of papers was improved year by year,but was significantly different among public basic courses,specialized basic courses and specialized courses(x2 =8.865,P =0.042).The qualitative analysis results showed that there were shortcomings in proposition,grading,paper analysis and archiving.Conclusions Management of examination paper is needed to improve the quality of teaching and studying and pave the way for the undergraduate teaching evaluation.

Objective To discuss the major cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk factors and volume load of women.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on adult women who came to our hospital for health examination.The clinical data included age, past medical history, smoking history, drinking history, body measurements (height, body weight, blood pressure, etc.), and blood serum creatinine, hemoglobin, blood glucose, blood lipid and other biochemical indicators were detected.Using the human body composition analyzer, the extracellular fluid (ECW), intracellular fluid (ICW), total water(TBW), and ECW/TBW ratio (E/T) were used to evaluate the capacity of the cells.Total body water(TBWwatson) was Calculated according to Watson formula.The clustering of four major CVD risk factors (defined as two or more of the following: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and overweight) and their association with volume load were investigated.Volume load was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis.Hypovolaemia was defined as extracellular water/total body water (ECW/TBW) at and under the 10 percentile for the normal population.Logistic regression model was use to explore the relationship between capacity status and risk factors of CVD.Results A total of 2 433 women (mean age (37.4±7.3) years old) were enrolled in the study, 14.7％ of them had clustering of CVD risk factors.Hypovolaemia in clustering group was statistically higher than either in the single or in the none risk factor group, which was 18.2％, 11.9％, 6.7％, respectively (x2 =45.4, P＜0.001).After adjusted for potential confounders (including age, hemoglobin, serum uric acid, estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hypovolaemia was associated with clustering of CVD risk factors, with an OR of 2.76 (95％ CI 1.93-3.95).Conclusion Hypovolaemia is associated with clustering of major CVD risk factors in women, which further confirms the importance of modifying lifestyle to reduce the burden of CVD.

Heated humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) has the characteristics of improving the work of breathing,creating the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure,being setted up easily,well tolerated by patients and high safety.At present,it has been widely used in neonatal respiratory support,but lack of its extensive use and research in infants and children.HFNC is suitable for use in infants with viral bronchiolitis,pneumonia,asthma,ARDS,and postextubation respiratory support from the aspect of the mechanism of action of HFNC and the pediatric physiology.HFNC should be the preferred mode of conventional oxygen therapy in pediatrics.

Objective To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of Caudatin combined with Gefitinib on Gefitinib resistance induced by HGF in PC-9.Methods Model of EGFR-TKIs resistance in PC-9 cells was induced by exogenous HGF and co-cultured with MRC-5.Caudatin was tested as a drug resistant modulator to reverse the resistance of Gefitinib in PC-9 cells induced by HGF by MTT assay.Western blot was performed to observe the mechanism of Caudatin combined with Gefitinib reversing the resistance of PC-9 induced by HGF.Results The resistance of gefitinib to PC-9 was induced by exogenous HGF and co-cultured with MRC-5 which could reduce relative inhibitory rate ( P<0.05 ) .Neither caudatin ( 0-32 μM ) or Gefitinib (1μM) alone could significantly inhibit proliferation of PC-9 in the presence of HGF, which could be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by Caudatin combined with Gefitinib ( P<0.05 ); Caudatin combined with Gefitinib down-regulated the phosphorylation levels of Met and PI3K/Akt simultaneously (P<0.05).Conclusion Caudatin could reverse the drug resistance of Gefitinib in PC-9 induced by HGF, the mechanism of which may be related to the inhibition of Met/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Objective To investigate the mechanisms of angiotensinⅡ receptor blockade in protection against kidney lesion in hypertensive rats.Methods The investigation was comprised with normotensive control (WKY) and hypertensive group (SHR) which included treated and untreated group. Relevant index such as blood pressure and ultrastructural changes in glomerulus with transmission electronic microscope were acquired in three-month old and eight-month old. Losartan was administrated with 20mg?Kg -1 ?d -1 in treated group.Results The volume density of vessel endothelium, mesangial cells and mesangial area of SHR was significantly larger than that of WKY(P