BACKGROUND:Medical stuff have significant impacts on the development of organ donation and transplantation, however, medical students present insufficient knowledge and ambivalent attitude towards organ donation and transplantation. OBJECTIVE:To perform a systemic review on the effectiveness of educational program intervention on medical students’ knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation. METHODS:PubMed, WILEY ONLINE LIBRARY, ProQuest Health, Medline, EMbase, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases were ful y searched for the published literature of medical students receiving an educational program intervention on organ donation and transplantation. According to the inclusion criteria, randomized control ed trials and quasi-experimental study were evaluated with the standard of Joanna Briggs Institute. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework was used to guide the assessment of the methodological quality of the studies. The outcomes were mainly medical students’ knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Eight studies from three countries were summarized. The methods were employed in two studies of randomized control ed trials and quasi-experiment received a high quality rating, five studies received middle quality rating and one study received low quality rating. Educational program increased the knowledge in six studies, and changed the attitudes in six studies. Educational program intervention is a significant strategy to increase medical student’s knowledge about organ donation and transplantation. The majority of involved study are
quasi-experiment study, so more high-quality randomized control ed studies are needed.

We analyzed the pathogenic characteristics of Salmonella strains isolated from diarrhea patients in Wuxi City,Jiangsu Province,China and compared the differences among pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of main serotype strains,so as to provid scientific basis for disease control.After biochemical identification of the Salmonella strains isolated from infectious diarrhea patients in Wuxi in 2015,drug susceptibility test,serotyping and PFGE were applied to analyze these strains.Results showed that a total of 32 Salmonella strains were detected from 756 diarrhea specimens with a positive rate of 4.23 ％.The infection occurred more frequently between May and October and adults aged more than 60 years old affected mostly.There was no significant difference between genders in infected population.The drug susceptibility test indicated that the antibiotic resistance rate of these Salmonella strains to ampicillin (56.25 ％) was the highest,and to ciprofloxacin(6.25 ％)and Ceftazidime (6.25％) were the lowest.The 32 Salmonella strains belonged to 11 serotypes,and S.enteritidis(31.25％)and S.typhimurium(21.88％) were the predominant serotypes.PFGE showed that the pattern similarity of all S.enteritidis was more than 85 ％;PFGE patterns of S.typhimurium were different.In conclusion,the infection of Salmonella from diarrhea patients in Wuxi City had obvious season and age specific distribution,and the most prevalent serotype of Salmonella was the S.enteritidis.It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of Salmonella concurrently in food and environment.

Objective To evaluate the clinical application value of fluorescence PCR melting curve method in the drug-resistance detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Methods With the Lowenstein-Jensen culture method and the absolute concentration method as the comparison,the fluorescent PCR melting curve method was used to detect the resistance to rifampin and isoniazid in 53 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB)respectively.Results The single drug resistance rates and multidrug resistance (MDR) rate detected by the two methods had no significant statistical difference(P >0.05).The comparison between the two methods for detecting the same sample showed that compared with the absolute concentration method,the sensitivity and specificity of the melt-ing curve method for detecting rifampin-resistance,isoniazid-resistance were 80.0% and 81.0%,100.0% and 93.8% respectively, the accuracies were 92.2% and 86.8% respectively,the Kappa values in the consistency analysis of the two methods were 0.754 and 0.710 respectively,indicating the good consistency between them.Conclusion Compared with the traditional methods,the melting curve method has good sensitivity and good specificity with safety,high efficiency and good application value in the treat-ment of drug-resistant pulmonary TB.

Objective To systematically analyze and assess the risk of venous thromboembolism in the patients with rheuma‐toid arthritis(RA) .Methods The related literatures on the venous thromboembolism occurrence in the patients with RA published at home and abroad were performed the electronic retrieval .The obtained data were analyzed by adopting the RevMan5 .1 software . The data unable to merge were analyzed by adopting the descriptive analysis method .Results A total of 10 related papers were in‐cluded .The 3 indicators of venous thromboembolism occurrence rate ,deep vein thrombosis occurrence rate and pulmonary thrombo‐embolism occurrence rate were performed the meta analysis .The RR and 95% CI of the occurrence rates of venous thromboembo‐lism ,deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism were 2 .00(1 .71 ,2 .33) ,2 .31(1 .84 ,2 .90) ,2 .25(2 .23 ,2 .28) respec‐tively .Conclusion The risk degree of venous thromboembolism occurrence in the RA patients is higher than that in the non‐RA pa‐tients .

Objective To establish the molecular weight distribution of Ganlong capsule by HPSEC the content of the peptide determined by Lowry and Methods The superdex peptide 10/300 GL (10 mm ×300 mm) column was used.The pH=6.0 and phosphate buffer of 0.05 mol/L was used as the mobile phase, containing 0.1 mol/L NaCl.The flow rate was set at 0.7 mL/min;The column temperature was 25℃;The detection wavelength was 214 nm.Results The content of the peptide ranged from 0.08 mg to 0.4 mg ( r =0.9996 ) .The RSDs of measurement precision of molecular weight and content were 0.08% and 0%(n=6), respectively.The RSDs of the repeatability were 1.3% and 1.1%(n=6);The regression equation of standard material was logMr =5.1455 -0.0871tR, r =0.9983,the relative molecular weight ranged from 2.68 ×102 Da ~5.73 ×103 Da(r =0.9983). Conclusion on The method is simple and rapid for determining the peptide content and the molecular weight distribution of Ganlong capsule.It can be used quality control method for Ganlong capsule.

Clinical studies show that melatonin has a unique biochemical characteristics. This article reviewed the specific role of melatonin in the region, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, calcium antagonistic effect of melatonin treatment of the aspects of the effectiveness of spinal cord injury, and medication for a brief description.

To study the effects of ouabain on the inner ear glial cells, and to lay the foundation for the study of stem cell transplantation in the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss.Methods Sixty adult female SPF grade CBA / J mice were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, with 30 mice in each group.Animals in the experimental group received 3mM ouabain via the round window membrane, while mice in control group received normal saline.The mice were sacrificed at 7 days, 14 days and 30 days after the administration,respectively.Immunofluorescence histochemical staining was used to detect the inner ear glial cells in spiral ganglion.Results Some inner ear glial cells survived in the spiral ganglion of the experimental group, while with decreased numbers and disorganized structure compared to those of in the control group.Comparing to those of in the control group, the number and density of inner ear glial cells in the experimental group were significantly decreased from 7 days afterouabain administration,further decreased at 14 days and reduced to the lowest at 30 days after ouabain administration, the differences between the 2 groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05).Among the experimental group, the number of inner ear glial cells at 30 days was significantly decreased when compared to those of at 7 days and 14 days, respectively.Conclusion Application of ouabain to mouse inner ear via the round window membrane leads to an acute and progressive direct damage to the inner ear glial cells in the spiral ganglion.

Objective To investigate the relationship and mechanism of the serum vitamin D levels with insulin sensitivity and adipokines APN,RBP4,visfatin and TNF-α in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM). Methods A total of 101 patients with gestational diabetes( GDM group) and 50 pregnant women with normal blood sugar( control group) were recruited to detect the serum levels of correlative biochemical indexes,APN,RBP4,visfatin,TNF-α and 25OHD3 using an HPLC method. Twenty-four patients in the GDM group diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency(<25 nmol·L-1 ) were randomized to receive either 1,25(OH) 2D3(0. 25 μg·d-1) orally or no treatment. Serum levels of correlative biochemical indexes were detected after 1 month. Results GDM patients had 25OHD3 levels significantly lower than the control group(P<0. 05),APN levels lower than the control group,and RBP4,visfatin,TNF-α levels significantly higher than the control group(all P<0. 05). After 1 month of 1,25(OH) 2D3 treatment,HOMA-IR increased,while HOMA-β decreased. APN levels was positively correlated(r= 0. 526) with 25OHD3;RBP4,visfatin,TNF-α decreased and were negatively correlated with 25OHD3( r values were -0. 272,-0. 153,-0. 072). Conclusion Vitamin D can reduce the adipokines RBP4,visfatin,TNF-α,increase APN,and thus play a protective role for gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE:To establish the Evaluation Criteria on Rational Use of Human Serum Albumin(HSA)in our hospi-tal,and to provide refereuce for rational use of HSA. METHODS:Referring to drug utilization evaluation(DUE)criteria of WHO and developed countries,based on the guideline of HSA use,Human Serum Albumin,Non-protein Colloid and Crystalloid Solu-tion Guidelines of USA University Hospital Consortium,Blood Products Prescription Evaluation Guideline of Beijing area,etc., Evaluation Criteria on Rational Use of HAS was established through experts discussion,and the use of HAS in 420 patients of our hospital were evaluated. RESULTS:The Evaluation Criteria on Rational Use of HSA mainly included indication,contraindication, usage and dosage,drug combination,incompatibility,etc. 414 patients (98.57%) detected serum albumin concentration before treatment;167 patients(39.76%)were in line with the indication;56 patients(13.33%)had contraindication in using HSA;352 patients(83.81%)met the criteria in usage and dosage,duration of treatment;there were 17 cases(4.05%)of unreasonable drug combination and 3 cases(0.71%)of incompatibility. CONCLUSIONS:The established criteria has strong practicability,and some problems and insufficiencies can be found in the clinical practice,is conducive to promote rational drug use in the clinic.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and side effects of concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) following induction chemotherapy (IC) in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods From January 2005 to January 2009,62 cases of locally advanced NPC confirmed by pathological and cytological examination received IC with vinorelbine (25 mg/m2) plus cisplatin (25 mg/m2) for 2-4 cycles and then concurrent chemotherapy and IMRT.Conventional fractionated radiotherapy was adopted in IMRT.The radiotherapy for the nasopharyngeal region was performed a dose of 72-76 Gy/36-38 fractions,and additional 5-Gy gammaknife treatment was carried out in case of local tumor residue.Prophylactic irradiation to the cervical lymph nodes was performed at a dose of 50 Gy,and the dose was increased to 60-70 Gy in case of lymph node enlargement.Results The follow-up rate was 100％.The patients showed a response rate (RR) of 89％ in the nasopharyngeal region and an RR of 90％ in the cervical lymph nodes.The 1-,2-,and 3-year overall survival rates,disease-free survival rates,local relapse-free survival rates,and distant metastasis-free survival rates were 97％,92％,and 82％,94％,73％,and 65％,97％,89％,and 87％,and 97％,84％,and 77％,respectively.The incidence rates of grade 3-4 acute reactions were 37％ for leucopenia,18％ for thrombocytopenia,and 6％ for mucositis.No grade 3-4 long-term temporomandibular joint injury and xerostomia were observed.Conclusions Concurrent chemotherapy and IMRT following IC with vinorelbine (25 mg/m2) plus cisplatin (25 mg/m2) have tolerable adverse effects and can achieve high survival rate in the patients with locally advanced NPC.