Objective To elucidate the etiology feature of viral infection in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection. Methods A total of 5 480 children with acute lower respiratory tract infection, hospitalized from September 2007 to September 2009, were studied. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were screened for 8 types of viruses by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) assay. Results At least one type of viral pathogen was detected in 2 710 out of 5 480 patients and the overall positive rate was 49.5%. The most common virus was RSV (51.1%), followed by hMPV (18.9%), PIVⅢ (12.5%), ADV (7.1%), IFA (4.7%), IFB (2.9%), PIV Ⅰ (1.5%) and PIV Ⅱ (1.2%). The positive rate was highest in children under 6 months (43.5%). The seasonal change of RSV, hMPV was more obvious. The peak of RSV, hMPV appeared in the winter and the spring. The prevalence of viral infection in children with pneumonia, bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, non asthmatic bronchitis and asthma were 47.4%、63.6%、 50.5%、 30.1% and 43.5% respectively. Conclusions Viruses are the main cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children, especially in infants and young children. RSV and hMPV were the most common viruses in these years.

Objective To study the characteristics of lipid level classification and phenotyping of Beijing professional populations. Method 4 033 cases (M/F=2 835/1 198, aged 40～91) were enrolled in the study. Lipid levels were classified according to the "Recommended guidelines for prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia" of China (1997) and NCEP ATPⅢ(2001) of US. Results High prevalence of lipid abnormality was found in Beijing populations, only 1/3 cases had desirable cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) level in the groups with age above 50, and more than half of the subjects had high TC levels at this age, the occurrence of high TG was much less than high TC. Hyperlipoproteinemia typeⅡa was 2～3 times more than type Ⅳ.Decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was found in 20% male subjects, but only 5% in females. The prevalence of high level HDL-C was found in 25%～39% of female groups, and 10%～14% in male groups. High HDL-C was usually associated in cases with high TC, but low HDL-C was usually seen in high TG cases.Conclusion The results showed that the prevalence of lipid abnormality was as high as 2/3 of the studied subjects above age 50, it means that the cardiovascular disease risk is high in this population, Lipid modification may be beneficial to primary prevention of coronary artery disease.

Objective To establish the molecular weight distribution of Ganlong capsule by HPSEC the content of the peptide determined by Lowry and Methods The superdex peptide 10/300 GL (10 mm ×300 mm) column was used.The pH=6.0 and phosphate buffer of 0.05 mol/L was used as the mobile phase, containing 0.1 mol/L NaCl.The flow rate was set at 0.7 mL/min;The column temperature was 25℃;The detection wavelength was 214 nm.Results The content of the peptide ranged from 0.08 mg to 0.4 mg ( r =0.9996 ) .The RSDs of measurement precision of molecular weight and content were 0.08% and 0%(n=6), respectively.The RSDs of the repeatability were 1.3% and 1.1%(n=6);The regression equation of standard material was logMr =5.1455 -0.0871tR, r =0.9983,the relative molecular weight ranged from 2.68 ×102 Da ~5.73 ×103 Da(r =0.9983). Conclusion on The method is simple and rapid for determining the peptide content and the molecular weight distribution of Ganlong capsule.It can be used quality control method for Ganlong capsule.

Objective:To explore the role of receptor-interaction protein 3 (RIP3) in regulating the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages into the liver in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).Methods:From January to June in 2018, at Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 10 AIH patients who underwent liver biopsy were enrolled, and at the same time, 5 age and gender matched individuals with normal liver function and hepatic cyst were selected as control. The infiltration of monocytes/macrophages in the liver tissues was observed by immunofluorescence detection in the patients with AIH and controls. Raw264.7 macrophages were divided into control group, lipopolysaccharide group and lipopolysaccharide+ RIP3 inhibitor GSK872 (GSK872) group. The expression of RIP3, mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase ( MLKL), tumor necrosis factor ( TNF)- α, interleukin ( IL)-6, IL-1 β, nod-like receptor protein 3 ( NLRP3), CC motif chemokine ligand ( CCL)2 and CCL5 at mRNA levels were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Raw264.7 macrophages were also divided into control group, lipopolysaccharide group and lipopolysaccharide + dexamethasone group. The relative expression of TNF- α, NLRP3, RIP3 and MLKL at mRNA level in macrophage were detected by qPCR. Twenty-four 6-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were chosen to establish AIH mice model and were randomly divided into control group, concanavalin A (ConA) group, ConA+ dexamethasone group and ConA+ GSK872 group (6 mice in each group). After the mice were executed, the peripheral blood and liver tissues were collected. The histopathology of mice liver were observed and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured. The expression of CCL2 and CC motif chemokine receptor 2 ( CCR2) at mRNA level were detected by qPCR. The proportion of macrophages in mice livers were analyzed by flow cytometry. The independent sample t test and one-way analysis of variance were performed for statistical analysis. Results:The percentages of CD68 positive macrophages and MAC387 positive infiltrated mononuclear macrophages in livers of AIH patients were both higher than those of controls ((0.84±0.21)% vs. (0.09±0.03)%, (0.79±0.13)% vs. (0.03±0.01)%), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=3.00 and 4.84; all P<0.05). The expression of RIP3, MLKL, TNF- α, IL-6, IL-1 β, NLRP3, CCL2 and CCL5 at mRNA level of lipopolysaccharide group were all higher than those of control group and lipopolysaccharide+ GSK872 group (1.64±0.16 vs. 1.07±0.07 and 0.63±0.11; 10.45±1.37 vs. 1.10±0.33 and 1.51±0.63; 5.43±0.59 vs. 0.94±0.06 and 2.59±0.45; 204.20±30.73 vs. 1.26 ±0.19 and 111.40±11.62; 20 848.00±362.00 vs. 1.09 ±0.26 and 10 940.00±566.60; 7.47±1.17 vs. 1.09±0.09 and 3.79±0.89; 68.03±5.15 vs. 1.14±0.19 and 14.09±2.62; 5 935.12±96.20 vs. 1.43±0.46 and 673.50±49.10), and the differences were all statistically significant ( t=3.11, 5.21, 6.65, 6.55, 7.57, 3.96, 6.60, 3.06, 8.83, 4.08, 5.46, 2.56, 12.97, 10.16, 25.34 and 14.99; all P<0.05). The expression of TNF- α, NLRP3, RIP3 and MLKL at mRNA level of lipopolysaccharide group were all higher than those of control group and lipopolysaccharide+ dexamethasone group (8.85±1.43 vs. 1.44±0.43 and 3.63±0.63; 6.42±0.86 vs. 0.99±0.12 and 2.07±0.17; 1.72±0.21 vs. 0.93±0.09 and 0.43±0.07; 6.87±0.85 vs. 1.62±0.31 and 1.41±0.29), and the differences were all statistically significant ( t=4.95, 3.33, 6.24, 4.95, 3.04, 5.11, 5.77 and 6.07, all P<0.05). The mice liver of ConA group showed obviously inflammatory cells infiltration and hepatocytes necrosis. The serum ALT and AST levels of ConA group were both higher than those of control group, ConA+ dexamethasone group and ConA+ GSK872 group ((2 569.00±45.44) U/L vs. (49.38±9.07), (103.00±14.07) and (759.30±34.99) U/L; (3 335.00±88.79) U/L vs. (108.50±18.10), (460.00±97.40) and (1 573.85±36.06) U/L), the serum ALT and AST levels of ConA+ dexamethasone group were both lower than those of ConA+ GSK872 group, and the differences were all statistically significant ( t=5.54, 5.42, 3.90, 4.63, 4.16, 3.79, 6.70 and 2.71; all P<0.05). The expression of CCL2 and CCR2 at mRNA levels in mice liver of ConA group were both higher than those of control group, ConA+ dexamethasone group and ConA+ GSK872 group (92.64±10.57 vs. 0.78±0.15, 5.64±1.00 and 9.47±2.06; 5.73±0.39 vs. 0.98±0.22, 2.18±0.22 and 2.98±0.33), and the differences were all statistically significant ( t=7.66, 7.24, 5.87, 8.71, 8.58 and 5.45; all P <0.01). The proportion of CD45 + CD11b + F4/80 + total macrophages and CD45 + CD11b hiF4/80 lo infiltrated macrophages in mice livers of ConA group were both higher than those of control group, ConA+ dexamethasone group and ConA+ GSK872 group (0.86±0.02 vs. 0.73±0.03, 0.68±0.02 and 0.72±0.03; 0.56±0.02 vs. 0.08±0.02, 0.11±0.01 and 0.08±0.01), however the proportion of CD45 + CD11b loF4/80 hi liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) was lower than those that of control group, ConA+ dexamethasone group and ConA+ GSK872 group (0.24±0.03 vs. 0.58±0.04, 0.52±0.07 and 0.56±0.07), and the differences were all statistically significant ( t=4.27, 5.90, 3.89, 18.70, 19.87, 20.52, 7.35, 3.82 and 3.87, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The number of macrophages incread in the livers of AIH patients. RIP3 signaling mediates the migration of monocytes/macrophages infiltration in immune hepatitis, which may be a potential therapeutic target for AIH.

Objective To examine the changes of serum total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol during whole blood incubation and to investigate the possible mechanisms responsible for the instability.Methods A method for the measurement of serum total cholesterol (TC), total free cholesterol (TFC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and high density lipoprotein free cholesterol (HDLFC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. Whole blood specimens were incubated at 25℃ and 4℃ for various period of time and serum TC, TFC, HDLC and HDLFC were measured.Results The new HPLC method showed a mean within-run CV of 0.22%~0.51%. The averaged changes during the incubations ranged 0.6%~2.0% for TC and 2.0%~4.1% for HDLC.Conclusion An HPLC method has been established that is highly precise and can be used for detecting subtle cholesterol changes in biological samples. Different cholesterol exchanges or transfers between blood cells and lipoproteins exist during various incubations. Prolonged whole blood storage that causes serum TC and HDLC changes should be avoided in clinical lipid measurements.

AIM: To test the effect of ERK1/2 on ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in diabetic rat hearts. METHODS: The diabetic rat model was made with alloxan. After eight weeks, 24 rats were divided into 4 groups: non-diabetic IPC rats (group A); non-diabetic non-IPC rats (group B); diabetic IPC rats (group C); diabetic non-IPC rats (group D). ECGⅡ lead, left ventricular development pressure (LVDP), and first derivative of LVDP ~(?dp/dt_~max ) were recorded. Myocardial phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2) was detected by Western-blotting. RESULTS: (1) The ventricular arrythmia score was significantly lower in group A than that in group C (P

BACKGROUND:Many scholars have experimental y confirmed the obvious effect of mesenchymal stem cells to repair radiation injury. OBJECTIVE:To preliminarily investigate the mechanism of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promoting the healing of combined radiation-wound skin injury and whether they possess tumorigenicity in vitro. METHODS:Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, five rats in each group. The right buttock of rats (2.5 cm×2.0 cm) was irradiated with 40 Gyβ-rays produced by a linear accelerator, in which a round wound with a diameter of 1.5 cm was made. After 12 hours of modeling, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells at three concentrations (5.0×106, 1.0×107 and 2.0×107 ) were injected through tail vein of rats, and luciferin (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneal y. celldistribution in vivo was traced using IVIS in vivo imaging system. The ability of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to form colonies was observed using the colony formation assay with soft agar. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells injected through tail vein of rats were mostly gathered in the lungs. cells were accumulated in the injured site of rats injected with 2.0×10 7 human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells;however, the fluorescence signal was not observed in the injured site of rats injected with 5.0×106 and 1.0×107 human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. The other results indicated human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells of low dose, medium dose and high dose had no colony formation on soft agar, but the tumor cells had a great ability to form colony. These findings indicate that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promote healing combined radiation-wound skin injury by local migration and exhibit no tumorigenicity in vitro in a short period.

Objective To analyze the clinical features and the application of bronchoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of children with bronchiectasis.Methods All cases with bronchiectasis were collected from in-patient department of the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from December 2011 to November 2015.Clinical manifestations,results of bronchoscopy examination were retrospectively analyzed.Results Of the 33 children,32 cases (97.0％) had chronic cough and sputum.Lung infection was the main cause (50％,16/33 cases).High resolution CT showed signet ring sign and/or double-track sign in lungs,and bronchiectatic lesions were most commonly found in the lower lobes (60.6％).Eighteen cases underwent bronchoscope ciliary biopsy,and the number of cilia decrease was found in 2 cases,and cilia ultrastructure abnormalities were found in 6 cases,with 2 cases diagnosed as Kartagener syndrome.The treatment included the following:treatment of the underlying disease,aggressive treatment of infections,promotion of mucociliary clearance,and bronchoscopy.The symptoms of the most patients were relieved through the symptomatic treatment.Follow-ups after discharge,showed that 15 cases had a slight cough without obvious sputum,11 cases with recurrent lung infections,regular bronchoscope lavage treatment;4 cases underwent surgical lung resection and recovered well postoperative,and 2 cases died.Conclusion The bronchoscopy should be performed early in the children with bronchiectasis,which can clearly detect pathogens and causes,so as to undertake lavage treatment to improve clinical symptoms.

ObjectiveTo investigate the biological variations ( CVI,CVG ) of serum high-density (HDL2-C,HDL3-C ) and low-density (LDLa-C,LDLb-C ) lipoprotein subfractions and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol esterification rates (FERHDL and MERHDL ).MethodsTwenty healthy volunteers,10 males and 10 females,were recruited for this study from September to October,2010.Blood was collected four times from each individual with a 2-week interval between each sampling.Serum lipoprotein subfraction cholesterol levels were measured by ultracentrifugation/HPLC,FERHDL and MERHDL were measured by HPLC.Within-subject ( CVI) and between-subject ( CVG.) biological variations and quality specifications for precision,bias and total error were calculated.Results The average CVI of this group were 5.5％ and 7.2％ for HDL3-C and HDL2-C,11.2％ and 18.7％ for LDLa-C and LDLb-C,11.95％ and 12.3％ for FERHDL and MERHDL,respectively.The CVG for HDL2-C was 45.5％,much higher than that of HDL3-C (8.7％),and FERHDL(49.5％ ) had a higher CVG than MERHDL (30.6％ ).For each analyte,there was a considerable variation of CVIamongindividuals.ConclusionsBiologicalvariationsof lipoprotein subfractions,FERHDI and MERHDL have been estimated.These rsults will play an important role in quality specifications and cardiovascular disease risk assessment.

Objective To develop an HPLC method for the measurement of n-3 fatty acid index of serum cholesteryl esters.Methods Serum triglycerides were hydrolyzed with ethanolic sodium hydroxide and cholesteryl esters (CEs) were extracted with hexane.The extracted CEs were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC with a UV detection at 205 nm.Cholesteryl eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate ( major n-3 fatty acid cholesteryl esters) were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and cholesterol in each CE fraction was measured.Peak areas of CEs were corrected for cholesterol and CE n-3 index was calculated using the corrected peak area and expressed as the percentage of n-3 fatty acid CEs in total CEs.Results The HPLC analysis can be finished in 6 minutes.Triglycerides which interfere with the determination of n-3 fatty acid index, were hydrolyzed with ethanolic sodium hydroxide (4 mol/L) in 30 seconds.The within-run and total CVs for CE n-3 index averaged 0.66% and 0.90%, respectively.CE n-3 indexes of 70 volunteers and 36 coronary heart disease patients apparently healthy subjects and patients with coronary heart disease in Beijing Hospital appeared to be positively skewed and leptokurtic distribution ( skewness = 1.25, kurtosis = 1.70 ).The median of n-3 indices were 0.98% ( 0.37% - 2.40% ).The logarithm of n-3 index appeared to be normal distribution and the average is 0.003 7% with standard deviations of 0.15.The distribution of n-3 indices of gender groups was similar with the total.The medians of females and males were 1.08% (0.60% -2.40%) and 0.95% (0.37% -2.11%) respectively, and the former were significantly higher than the latter( t = - 3.021, P = 0.003 ).Conclusion A new method for the measurement of n-3 index of serum cholesteryl esters by HPLC has been established.It is simple and precise and can be used in predicting cardiovascular diseases risks and monitoring dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids.