Tracheobronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma （TACC） is a low-grade malignant tumor originating from the airway mucosa. Despite its slow progression，it is characterized by high invasiveness，frequent recurrence，and a strong tendency for metastasis. Preclinical studies have shown that vascular-targeted therapy holds significant potential. However，an effective systemic treatment for TACC has not been established yet. This study explored TACC from the perspective of "Feiji" in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） as the starting point. It deeply investigated the mechanisms of abnormal collaterals and tumor vascular recruitment and further elaborated on the theoretical connection between abnormal collaterals and tumor vascular recruitment. Firstly，collateral hyperactivity led to disordered and erratic pulmonary collaterals. Their abnormal structures were similar to the disorderly and tortuous nature of tumor （pseudo）angiogenesis. This resulted in imbalances in the functions of circulation，perfusion，and reverse injection of the pulmonary collaterals，and then led to unrestrained collateral dysfunction and the accumulation of pathogenic factors. Secondly，the remodeling of the extracellular matrix （ECM） and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） in TACC were critical processes in vascular co-option （VCO），representing the micro-level manifestation of the displacement of nutrient and defense. During this process，ECM remodeling made TACC cells more likely to hijack normal blood vessels，creating a complex vascular microenvironment conducive to tumor growth. In terms of treatment，this study proposed a TCM strategy of "regulating collaterals to expel pathogenic factors and nourishing collaterals to strengthen the healthy Qi"，and listed potential TCM. These were intended to regulate the Qi and blood in the collaterals，repair the functions of abnormal collaterals，and intervene in the vascular recruitment process of TACC. Future research should focus on improving the TCM clinical syndrome characteristics of TACC. Through modern molecular biology techniques，it is necessary to deeply analyze the micro-level pattern of vascular recruitment in TACC. This would enrich the understanding of the profound connection between abnormal collaterals and tumor vascular recruitment，providing empirical evidence for TCM-targeted therapies for vascular recruitment in TACC.

ObjectiveTo explore the central neuroregulation mechanism of heat-sensitive moxibustion for knee osteoarthritis on pain relief. MethodsThirty patients who did not have experience of Deqi （得气） during heat-sensitive moxibustion treatment were assigned to the "non-Deqi group"， while another 30 patients who had experience of Deqi were assigned to the "Deqi group". Both groups received moxibustion at the left Heding （EX-LE2） acupoint. In the Deqi group， after the patients experienced sensation of Deqi at the acupoint， moxibustion was applied at approximately 3 cm from the skin for 10 minutes； in the non-Deqi group， moxibustion was also applied at approximately 3 cm from the skin for 10 minutes. Both groups received treatment once daily for 10 consecutive days. Knee joint pain was assessed before and after treatment using the visual analog scale （VAS）. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging （rs-fMRI） scans were performed on all participants before the first treatment session and after the final session on the 10th day. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations （fALFF） maps before and after treatment were processed using the SPM12 module by MATLAB. ResultsAfter treatment， VAS scores in both groups were significantly lower than before treatment （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， with the Deqi group showing significantly lower VAS scores than the non-Deqi group （P＜0.01）. Compared to before treatment， the Deqi group exhibited significant activation in the prefrontal cortex （t = 6.28）， white matter （t = 6.36）， and left temporal lobe （t = 9.33）， while significant inhibition was observed in the occipital lobe （t = -9.86） and right cerebrum （t = -4.54， P＜0.01）； in the non-Deqi group， significant changes after treatment were observed in the left occipital lobe （t = -6.42）， left medial frontal gyrus （t = -4.35）， left middle frontal gyrus （t = -4.74）， right superior frontal gyrus （t = -4.82）， right superior temporal gyrus （t = -6.61）， and right cerebellar posterior lobe （t = -8.64）， all of which were in inhibited states （P＜0.01）. Compared to the non-Deqi group， the Deqi group exhibited significant activation after treatment in the external nucleus （t = 5.77）， white matter （t = 3.58）， right cerebrum （t = 5.84）， left cerebellum （t = 5.35）， and left cerebrum （t = 4.32）， while significant inhibition was observed in the prefrontal cortex （t = -4.16）， occipital lobe （t = -4.87）， and precentral gyrus （t = -4.46， P＜0.01）. ConclusionsHeat-sensitive moxibustion provides better analgesic effects for knee osteoarthritis under state of Deqi. Its central neuroregulation mechanism may be related to the involvement of the frontal lobe， temporal lobe， occipital lobe， external nucleus， white matter， right cerebrum， left cerebellum， left cerebrum， and precentral gyrus in modulating pain signals.

End stage heart failure(ESHF) is the terminal stage of heart failure in patients with heart failure, or refractory heart failure. heart transplantation(HT) and mechanical circulatory assistance represented by ventricular assist device(VAD) are the main treatments for circulatory support in patients with ESHF. However, the serious shortage of donors has restricted the extensive development of HT. VAD technology, represented by left ventricular assist device(LVAD), has developed rapidly, and the 2-year survival rate after surgery has approached of HT. Although LVAD support can directly alleviate symptoms of left heart failure, it only partially relieves symptoms of right heart failure, resulting in high readmission rates.Therefore, more precise monitoring and regulation of right heart function in LVAD recipients is key to improving long-term prognosis. This article aims to provide an overview of strategies for the regulation of right heart function in patients after LVAD implantation.

Objective To investigate the differences in clinical and radiographic features between severe influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 in children.Methods The clinical and radiographic data of children diagnosed with severe influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 were analyzed retrospectively.According to the pathogen subtypes,they were divided into H1N1 group(34 cases)and H3N2 group(23 cases).Differences in clinical data,laboratory results,treatment,hospitalization time,outcome,and radiographic features between the two groups were analyzed.The t-test was used for the comparison of normally distributed measurement data between the groups,and Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison of non-normally distributed measurement data between the groups.Chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability method was used for the analysis of counting data,depending on the situation.Results There were differences in the season of onset,clinical and radiographic features between the two groups.H1N1 subtype mostly occurred in win-ter,and mainly manifested as respiratory symptoms(wheezing/shortness of breath)and respiratory complications(severe pneumonia).H3N2 subtype was mainly observed in summer,and more likely to involve the central nervous system(CNS),presenting with neuro-logical symptoms(convulsions),abnormal electroencephalogram,and concurrent influenza associated encephalopathy(IAE).Conclusion There are significant differences in epidemiology,clinical and radiographic features between severe influenza A H1N1 and H3N2.H3N2 has a higher probability of concurrent IAE and should be highly vigilant in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND:Transplantation of stem cell-derived islet β cells has been considered effective for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell is an ideal cellular source,but with a low differentiation efficiency to islet β cells. OBJECTIVE:To explore the possibility of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells modified by MAFA and PDX1 to differentiate into insulin-producing cells. METHODS:MAFA-PDX1 lentivirus expression vectors were constructed.The efficiency and potentiality of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells differentiated into insulin-producing cells with three methods were compared by cell morphology,RT-qPCR,and dithizone staining[protocol A:Simple lentivirus group;protocol B:Drug(nicotinamide β-mercaptoethanol)induction followed by lentivirus group;protocol C:lentivirus and drug induction group]. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Morphological change of cells:Cell morphology was all altered after the induction of three protocols.At day 11,human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells induced by protocol B showed the most cell clusters among the three protocols,appearing aggregated islet-like cell clusters.(2)Islet-related gene expression detected by RT-qPCR:Horizontal comparison of the three protocols at the same induction time point showed that the expression levels of MAFA and PDX1 genes were the highest in protocol C on day 5 of induction,and those in protocol B were the highest on day 11 of induction.Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells induced by protocol B had the greatest expression of GCG gene at day 5,INS and GLUT2 genes at day 11.(3)Dithizone staining to identify zinc ions:parts of the post-induced cells were stained brownish red by dithizone on day 11.The partial small island cells were stained brownish red with a darker color(positive expression)in protocol B.(4)It is concluded that the overexpression of MAFA and PDX1 can promote the differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into insulin-producing cells.The combination of MAFA-PDX1 gene modification and drug induction is superior to the single gene modification.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR9 agonists,Pam2 CSK4(Pam)and CpG ODN (CpG)on mice infected with Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab)in the lungs.Methods Female C57 mice (6～8 weeks old)were randomly divided into PBS,Pam,CpG and Pam+CpG groups.In 24 h after intranasal immunization with different doses of the corresponding agonists,the mice were given a lethal dose of Ab infection in the lungs,and the survival rates of the mice were observed.A sublethal dose lung infection model of Ab was then established,and the bacterial colonization in the blood,lungs,liver,kidneys and spleen was measured respectively in the mice after infection.HE staining was used to observe the pathological damages in the lungs and kidneys.The protective effect of the agonists in the immunized mice against Ab was examined at 1,3 and 7 d after immunization to explore the protective time window.Pam+CpG was used to stimulate A549 cells and RAW264.7 cells to investigate the killing or phagocytic effects on Ab.Results Compared to PBS,Pam+CpG treatment significantly improved the survival rate of the mice after a lethal dose of Ab lung infection (P<0.05,P<0.01 ),reduced bacterial colonization in the blood (P<0.01 ),lungs (P<0.01 ),liver (P<0.01 ),kidneys (P<0.01 )and spleen (P<0.01 )in the mice after sublethal challenge,and alleviated pathological damage caused by infection. Immunization at 1 or 3 d before infection significantly improved the survival rate (P<0.05 ),and the protective effect was the best in 3 d after immunization.Furthermore,compared to single PBS,Pam and CpG immunization,Pam+CpG significantly promoted the killing and phagocytic effects of A549 epithelial cells and RAW264.7 cells,respectively,against Ab (P<0.01 ).Conclusion Combined application of TLR2/TLR9 agonists exerts a significant protective effect on both lethal and sublethal infections of Ab,which might be by its promoting the killing or phagocytic effect of lung epithelial cells and macrophages against Ab.

Objective To evaluate the stability,safety and immune enhancement and anti-tumor effects of Wilms'tumor gene 1(WT1)peptide combined with AddaVaxTM emulsion vaccine for acute myeloid leukemia.Methods The stability of WT1 peptide in the adjuvant vaccine was evaluated using MALDI-TOF-MS time-of-flight mass spectrometry.Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into PBS group,WT1 peptide group,and WT1 peptide+AddaVaxTMemulsion adjuvant vaccine group.The immunization was performed at a dose of 50 μg/mouse for antigen and 50 μg/mouse for adjuvant,with intramuscular injection on days 0,14,and 28.HE staining was used to assess the toxicity of intramuscular vaccination on mouse organ tissues.Cytokine levels were detected by ELISA,and the number of IFN-γ-secreting splenocytes was measured by ELISpot.Flow cytometry was employed to detect the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells(BMDCs)promoted by the vaccine in vitro and the promotion for lymphocyte activation,and H-2Db WT1 tetramer was utilized to detect the proportion of specific CD8+T cells.After establishing a mouse leukemia tumor model using the C1498-mWT1 stable cell line,the anti-tumor effects of the vaccine for prevention and treatment were evaluated.Results The WT1 peptide stably existed in the vaccine without causing significant organ tissue changes in mice after intramuscular injection.Compared to the mice immunized with WT1 aqueous solution,the mice after intramuscular injection of the WT1 peptide emulsion adjuvant vaccine showed stronger immune responses of Th1 cells,including IFN-γ and TNF-α,as well as Th17 cells of IL-17A(P＜0.05),and the mice had not only promoted number of IFN-γ secreting splenocytes(P＜0.01)but also enhanced maturation of BMDCs,as indicated by an increase in the proportions of CD40+/CD11c+and CD86+CD80+/CD11c+ cells(P＜0.05).Additionally,there were increases in both the proportion of CD4+/CD3+T and CD69+/CD8+T cells(P＜0.05)and the proportion of specific CD8+T cells(P＜0.05).In the anti-tumor effect study using the C1498-mWT1 mouse model,the median survival time of the WT1+AddaVaxTM group was extended by 6 d compared to the WT1 aqueous solution group.At day 50,the survival rate of mice in the WT1+AddaVaxTM group was still 28.5％,while all mice in the other groups had died(P＜0.05).Conclusion The vaccine with the WT1 peptide and AddaVaxTM emulsion adjuvant exhibits good immunological and anti-tumor effects.

Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma(PSC)is a rare and highly malignant tumor,which includes the follow-ing five pathologic types:pleomorphic carcinoma,spindle cell carcinoma,giant cell carcinoma,carcinosarcoma and pulmonary blastoma.The onset of PSC is occult with non-specific clinical symptoms and signs.The clinical manifestations include irritat-ing cough,bloody sputum,dyspnea,chest pain and so on,which are closely related to the growth and invasion site of the tumor.PSC tends to metastasize early,so most patients are already in local advanced stage or advanced stage with a median survival of 9 months at the time of hospital visit.A patient with primary PSC which led to 90%stenosis in central airway was treated by com-bined method of vascular and tracheoscopic intervention in our respiratory center.This treatment prolonged the patient's survival time and got a satisfactory effect at 19-month follow-up after surgery.Herein we report the case for clinical reference.

Background and objective As a new technique developed in recent years,bronchoscopic interven-tion therapy has the advantages of minimal invasion,high safety and repeatability.The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics of bronchopleural fistula(BPF)induced by surgeries for lung malignancies or benign diseases and the effect of bronchoscopic intervention therapy for BPF,so as to provide support for prevention and treatment of BPF.Methods Data 64 patients with BPF who were treated by bronchoscopic intervention in Respiratory Disease Cen-ter of Dongzhimen Hospital,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from June 2020 to September 2023 were collected.Patients with fistula diameter ≤5 mm were underwent submucous injection of macrogol,combined with blocking therapy with N-butyl cyanoacrylate,medical bioprotein glue or silicone prosthesis.Patients with fistula diameter＞5 mm were im-planted with different stents and cardiac occluders.Locations and characteristics of fistulas were summarized,meanwhile,data including Karnofsky performance status(KPS),shortbreath scale(SS),body temperature,pleural drainage volume and white blood cell count before and after operation were observed.Results For all 64 patients,96 anatomic lung resections in-cluding pneumonectomy,lobectomy and segmentectomy were executed and 74 fistulas occurred in 65 fistula locations.The proportion of fistula in the right lung(63.5％)was significantly higher than that in the left(36.5％).Besides,the right inferior lobar bronchial fistula was the most common(40.5％).After operation,KPS was significantly increased,while SS,body tem-perature,pleural drainage volume and white blood cell count were significantly decreased compared to the preoperative values(P＜0.05).By telephone follow-up or readmission during 1 month to 38 months after treament,median survival time was 21 months.33 patients(51.6％)showed complete response,7 patients(10.9％)showed complete clinical response,18 patients(28.1％)showed partial response,and 6 patients(9.4％)showed no response.As a whole,the total effective rate of broncho-scopic intervention for BPF was 90.6％.Conclusion BPF induced by pulmonary surgery can lead to severe symptoms and it is usually life-threating.Bronchoscopic intervention therapy is one of the fast and effective therapeutic methods for BPF.

Pulmonary mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma(MSCGP)is a subtype of pulmonary papil-loma,which can be classified as central type and peripheral type based on its site of development.The central type is the most common.The clinical manifestations of pulmonary MSCGP are mainly related to the location of the tumor.Surgery is the main treatment for this disease.Bronchoscopic interventional treatment for the MSCGP in the central trachea could receive satis-factory effect.We reported a patient suffered from diffuse tracheal MSCGP who was treated by bronchoscopic interventional treatment in Respiratory Disease Center,Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,aiming to enhance the recognition of the clinical features and provide clinical references for the diagnosis and treatment of such disease.