Chlamydia pneumoniae(Cpn) is one of the most common pathogens causing human respiratory tract infection.They cause acute respiratory tract infection,atherosclerosis and many other diseases. Cpn infection often recur or remain persistent,which may induce Th1-type response.At the same time,antibody-mediated immune and Toll like receptor play an auxiliary role.In this review,the author summarized advances in the immune response to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection.

Objective To study the role of gastric mitochondrial DNA cytochrome C oxidases (COX) subunit Ⅱ gene and its expression in diabetic gastric motility dysfunction. Methods Seventy Wister rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic group (STZ 60mg/Kg intraperitonealy) and control group. The changes in expressions of COX protein were assayed by Westernblot. Mitochondrial DNA COX mRNA was assayed with reverse-transcriptional polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Cytochrome C oxidase activity was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Results Gastricelectric dysrythmia was more frequently delected in diabetic rats, and the COX activity in diabetic rats was 0.41?0.21/min, which was significantly lower than that in normal rats (0.78?0.37/min). The expression of gastrointestinal COX protein and COX gene in diabetic gastroparesis rats were markedly decreased compared with normal rats. Conclusion Cytochrome C oxidases activity was greatly reduced in diabetic rats. Diabetic gastroparesis was associated with down-regulation of the expression of gastrointestinal mtDNA encoding COX gene and protein. These changes might play a key role in pathogenesis of diabetic gastroparesis

Objective To investigate the relationship between mitochondrial membrane potential change and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells of the small intestine in diabetic rats. Methods Seventy Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: diabetic group(STZ60mg/kg intraperitonealy) and control group.The gastric empty time and intestinal transit were determined in diabetic rats 2 months after the reproduction of diabetes. Mitochondrial membrane potential in small intestinal smooth muscle cells was determined by the change in the intensity of labeling rhodamine 123 with lasor scanning confocal micrographs, and apoptosis index was assessed with the technique of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated d-UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) test and flow cytometry.The changes in expression of cytochrome C were determined by Western blotting. Results The mitochondrial membrane potential of small intestine smooth musele cells was significantly lowered in diabetic rats compared with normal rats. Apoptosis index in diabetic rats was significantly higher than that of normal as shown by TUNEL technic. Apoptosis rate in diabetic rats was 15%, and it was significantly higher than that of normal rat (P

Objective To study the change in cytosolic Ca 2+ in smooth muscle cells in gastric antrum of diabetic rat. Methods Rats were randomly divided into diabetic group and control group. Gastric empty time was determined 3 months after diabetes was reproduced in rats, the apoptosis rate of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum was assessed by flow cytometry, and the content of cytosolic Ca 2+ in smooth muscle cells was measured by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Results In diabetic rats, gastric emptying was significantly delayed. Compared the normal rats, the content of cytosolic Ca 2+ in smooth muscle cells from the antrum of diabetic rats was increased. The apoptosis rate of smooth muscle cells in the antrum of diabetic rats was 15%, and it was higher than that in normal rats. Conclusion With the increase in the content of cytosolic Ca 2+ in smooth muscle cells, smooth muscles were damaged and therefore their contraction was also impaired.

Objective To study the role of nitriergic nerves in the myenteric plexus of the gastric antrum in diabetic rats with motor disorder. Methods Rats were randomly divided into diabetic group and control group. Electrogastrogram was recorded, and the number of cholinergic nerves in the myenteric plexus of the gastric antrum was counted 3 months after reproducing diabetes in the model group. Results In the rats of diabetic group, gastro-electric dysrhythmia was observed more frequently, and the number of nitriergic cells in the myenteric nerves was significantly decreased compared with control group. Conclusion The changes in nitriergic nerves in the myenteric plexus of the gastric antrum might be one of the mechanisms of gastro-electric dysrhythmia and gastric motility disorders in diabetic rats.

Objective To study the expression and effect of hepatocyte mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunitsⅠ (COXⅠ) gene in rat nonalcoholic fatty liver model. Methods Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group and high-fat diet group, and the high-fat diet group was subsequently divided into 4 subgroups (2, 4, 8 and 12 week) with 8 rats in each. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Meanwhile,the expression of hepatocyte COXⅠ antigen in rat nonalcoholic steatosis model induced by high fat diet were detected by Western blotting. Mitochondrial DNA COXⅠ mRNA were assayed by reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Results The levels of activity in nonalcoholic steatosis rats induced by high fat diet at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks were (0.88?0.32), (0.76?0.37), (0.48?0.26), (0.39?0.21) nmol?mg~ -1 ?min~ -1 , respectively, significantly lower than (0.98?0.37) nmol?mg~ -1 ?min~ -1 in control group (P

Objective:To determine taurocholic acid (TCA) and taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) in artificial snake gall. Methods: HPLC was used in the quantitative analysis with spherisorb C 18 column, methyl alcohol 0.02 mol/L phosphric buffer (60∶40) as a mobile phase and detection wavelength at 210nm. Results: The linear range of TCA was from 0.28672 mg/mL to 2.8672 mg/mL, and the linear range of TDCA was from 0.26842 mg/mL to 2.6842 mg/mL. The average recoveries were 97.65% for TCA and 95.81% for TDCA. RSD were 0.79% and 3.27%, respectively. Conclusion: This method is simple and accurate.

Objective To study the roles of hepatocyte cytochrome P450 2E1 in model of nonalcoholic steatosis in rats Methods A total of 40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group (C) and high fat diet induced fatty liver group (H) The expression of hepatocyte cytochrome P450 2E1 antigen in rat model of nonalcoholic steatosis was detected by immunohistochemical method and Western blotting Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were also determined Results MDA contents and the expression of hepatocyte cytochrome P450 2E1 antigen in rat model of nonalcoholic steatosis induced by high fat diet were higher than those in the normal controls ( P

Objective To clarify the changes of ultrastructure of interstitial cells of Cajal in the small intestine of diabetic rats. Methods Rats were randomly divided into diabetic group and control group. The rate of the small intestinal transit was measured and the tissues of the small intestine were observed by transmission electron microscopy at 3 months after the establishment of rat model of diabetics. Results In the diabetic rats, the rate of small intestinal transit was delayed as compared with that in the control group. The number of the gap junction of interstitial cells of Cajal in the small intestine of diabetic rats decreased significantly, and the rest structures were damaged. Damaged organelles and formation of vacuoles were also found. Conclusion The changes of ultrastructure of interstitial cells of Cajal in the small intestine may be one of the mechanisms resulting in slow rate of the small intestinal transit in diabetic rats.

Objective: Chlamydia pneumoniae is a kind of common pathogenic bacteria in respiratory passage which cause persistent and chronic infection cell mediated immunity results mainly followiny the infection.The infection kinetics and local in vitro-restimulated cell mediated immunity(CMI) responses in the lungs and spleens of Icr mice during Chlamydia pneumoniae(Cpn) primary infection and reinfection will be analyzed in this article.Methods: Icr mice were inoculated intranasally with 105 IFU of Cpn(PT group).The same dose was given in the same way as rechallenge 4 weeks after the primary challenge(ST group).Control groups were inoculated with 0.05 ml PBS.The mice were sacrificed at predetermined days,and the pulmonary mononuclear cells and splenic lymphocytes were isolated and stimulated with Cpn in vitro for 3 days.The proliferative response was measured by MTT;IL-4,IL-10 and IFN-? were detected by ELISA.Results: The PT group showed a weak proliferative response and no secretion of IFN-? in the lungs after Cpn stimulation,while the ST group presented a reinfection characterized by IFN-? production both in the lungs and in the spleens(P