Cholesteatoma is a non-neoplastic, keratinizing lesion, characterized by the proliferation of epithelium with aberrant micro-architecture into the middle ear or mastoid cavity. The exact pathogenic molecular mechanisms behind the formation and propagation of cholesteatoma remain unclear. Without timely detection and intervention, cholesteatomas can become dangerous and result in numerous intracranial and extracranial complications. In this review, the current researches about inflammatory mediators, enzymatic activity, growth factors, oxidative stress,infection and genetics in acquired cholesteatoma pathogenesis are discussed.
Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear ; pathology ; Ear, Middle ; pathology ; Humans ; Mastoid ; pathology

Objective To investigate the daily intake of dietary Cu and Mn and to study the serum concentration reference values of copper and manganese of healthy adults in Ji'nan urban area.Methods From August 2007 to January 2008,1 005 Ji'nan urban healthy subjects were recruited for filling in seven days dietary intakes questionnaire to investigate the dietary Cu and Mn daily intake.Then atomic absorption spectrometry was applied to determine the concentration of serum Mn and Cu after the samples were digested by microwave.Results The dietary daily intake of Cu and Mn of Ji'nan urban healthy adults were 1.78 mg and 4.21 mg respectively.Cu intake of male was higher than that of female(P

Objective To study the relation of the porin at the out membrane with resistance to cefoxitin in Enterobacter cloaceae. Methods The extended spectrum beta lactamase(ESBLs) was detected by phenotypic confirmatory test according to NCCLS M100 S9;the beta lactamase and out membrane protein(OMP) was extracted by ultrasonication,the beta lactamase was detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometer,the composition of OMP was analyze by SDS PAGE. Results The 6 strains in 9 strains of Enterobacter cloaceae with resistance to cefoxitin lost 18 kda protein band and did not product hydrolase to cefoxitin and 5 strains was ESBLs positive. 2 strains producing hydrolase to cefoxitin did not lose the 18 kda protein. One strain with resistance to cefoxitin was producing ESBLs but did not defect the 18kda protein band and product hydrolase to cefoxitin. Conclusion The defect of the 18 kda protein band is nearly relation with resistance to cefoxitine in Enterobacter cloaceae.

The object of using parasitic germplasm resource is to raise the technical level to control parsitosis for domestic animal and poultry.A total of 1 036 parasitic species collected from 16 kinds of domestic animals and poultries were reported in South-western China,where is one of the most serious areas for parasitosis transmission in China.This paper described the research and use of the new techniques on diagnosis,surveillance and control of parasitosis in domestic animal and poultry in Sichuan and South-western China,especially on applying resources of parasitic species in the pilot areas,so that the capacity of control and prevent of parasitosis in sheep,pig and dairy cattle farms were reasonably improved.

BACKGROUND: At present, there are investigations on the expression of cytokines and adhesion molecular in ischemia-reperfusion injury at abroad,but they do not involve in the relative studies on endogenous cytokines and adhesion molecular on microvascular endothelial surface following injury.The expression of endogenous interleukin-1(IL-1) is limited only at mRNA level.OBJECTIVE: To prove into the mechanism of the expression of intercellular adhesion molecular 1 and its regulation factor IL-1 in spinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.DESIGN: A randomized grouping design, animal experiment.SETTING: Department of Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education Affiliated to Jilin UniversityMATERIALS: This experiment was carried out at the Central Laboratory,China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University between March 2003 and January 2004. Totally 77 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=7), simple ischemia group (n=14) and ischemia-reperfusion group (n=56). Among the rats in the simple-ischemia group, 7 rats suffered from blood flow block for 30 minutes and 7 rats for 60 minutes; Rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group were assigned into 8 subgroups according to 8 time phases, respectively at reperfusion for 30,60 minutes, 2, 4, 6,9, 12 and 24 hours following spinal ischemia, with 7 rats at each time phase.METHODS: Spinal ischemia-reperfusion injury animal models were created with Zivin method. The expressions of vascular endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA and IL-1β mRNA following spinal ischemia-reperfusion injury were detected with reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent confocal laser scanning microscope technique.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The expression of IL-1β mRNA, activity of IL-1 polypeptide, expression of ICAM-1 mRNA and protein and activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO).RFSULTS: Totally 77 animals were enrolled and all of them entered the stage of result analysis. ① The expression of IL-1β mRNA (A value)was significantly higher in the ischemia-reperfusion group than in the simple ischemia group and normal control group, with significant difference (respectively 1.07±0.33,0.60±0.22,0.57±0.12,t=3.751 7,11.852 6,P ＜ 0.01).② Activity of IL-1 polypeptide (A value )was significantly higher in the ischemia-reperfusion group than in the simple ischemia group and normal control group, with significant difference [respectively (33.7±3.2),(23.8±4.5), (23.1±2.1),t=2.798 8,9.962 7,P ＜ 0.01]. ③ ICAM-1 mRNA(A value)was significantly higher in ischemia-reperfusion group than in simple ischemia group and normal control group, with significant difference[respectively 0.94±0.12,0.52±0.11,0.51±0. 10,t=0.327 0,6.127 4, P＜0.01].④The expression of ICAM-1 protein was significantly higher at ischemiareperfusion for 4,6 and 12 hours than in simple ischemia group and normal control group, with significant difference [Respectively (316.90±26.00),(361.40±18.00),(406.00±23.00),(164.21±2.00),(180.00±32.00) μg/L,t=1.410 3,9.119 3 ,P ＜ 0.01]. ⑤ The activity of MPO was significantly higher at ischemia-reperfusion for 12 hours than in simple ischemia group and normal control group, with significant difference [respectively (15.00±2.00),(7.50±1.67),(6.67±1.00) nkat/g, t=3.012 2,P ＜ 0.01].CONCLUSION: Following reperfusion injury, inflammatory reaction in spinal cord is important molecular basis for causing blood spinal barrier impairment, and plays an important role in the process of secondary spinal cord injury.

Objective To investigate the normal ranges of RET-He and reticulocyte grouping parameters of healthy adults in Wenzhou. Methods A total of 1 000 samples from healthy adults were collected in Wenzhou from August 2008 to February 2010. There were 506 males and 494 females. The individuals were stratified based on age into three groups:20 to 40-year-old group (n = 341 ), ＞40 to 60-year-old group (n =316), and ＞60-year-old group (n =343). All blood samples were drawn in EDTA-K2 anticoagulated blood. Peripheral RET-He and reticulocyte grouping parameters ( IRF, LFR, MFR, HFR)were determined by Sysmex XE-2100 automated hematology analyzer. The instrument was calibrated and validated before testing All specimens were analyzed within 2 hours. RET-He, RET absolute value and RET percentage were normal distribution, the normal range was established by using ((x)-1.96s,(x)+ 1.96 s)method. IRF, LFR, MFR and HFR data were skewed distribution,the normal range was established by using (P2.5 ,P97.5 )percentile method. Results The mean and normal range of RET-He were (33.91 ± 1.77) pg and (30.44 - 37.38) pg in male, (33.97 ± 1.85) pg and (30.34 - 37.60) pg in female,respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups ( t =-0.533, P＞0.05 ). The mean and normal range of RET absolute value were (0.051±0.023) × 1012/L and (0.006 -0.096)×1012/L in male,which were (0. 037 ±0. 026) × 1012/L and (0 -0. 088) × 1012/L in female, there was significant difference between the two groups ( t = 8. 409, P ＜ 0. 05 ) . The mean and normal range of RET percentage in male were(1.041 ±0.459)% and (0. 141 -1.941)% , and in female were (0.869±0.603)% and (0-2. 051 )%, which showed significant difference (t =5.074,P ＜0. 05). The normal ranges of LFR,MFR,HFR,IRF in male were 0. 951 (0.866 -0.988) ,0.046(0.010 -0.114) ,0. 003(0 -0.023) ,0. 050(0.012-0.134), and in female were 0.096(0.880 -0.991) ,0.039(0.008 -0.113) ,0.002(0-0.016) ,0.040(0.009-0.121), respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups (Z values were -5.044, -4.793, -3.559, -5.075, respectively,all P＜0.05). The means of RET-He in 20 to 40-year-old group, ＞40 to 60-year-old group, ＞ 60-year-old group and all age group were (33.38±1.49),(34.36 ±1.46), (34.12±2.21) and (33.94 +1.81) pg, respectively. The normal ranges were(30.46-36.30), (31.50 -37.22), (29.79 - 38.45) and (30.39 - 37.49) pg, which showed statistical difference( F =28. 072,P ＜0. 05). In addition, the normal range of RET-He in 20 to 40-year-old group was lower than that of ＞ 40 to 60-year-old group and ＞ 60-year-old group ( q values were 9. 970, 7. 791,respectively, P＜0. 05). The normal ranges of LFR, MFR, HFR, IRF in ＞ 60-year-old group were 0.961(0. 878 -0. 992) ,0. 037(0. 007 -0. 105 ) ,0. 002(0 -0. 020) and 0. 039(0. 008 -0. 117) ,while they were 0.953(0. 867 -0.990), 0.045(0.009 -0. 116) ,0.003(0 -0.019) ,0. 050(0. 010 -0. 133) in 20 to 40 -year-old group , and 0. 951 (0.855 -0.989) ,0.047 (0.010 - 0.133 ) ,0.003 ( 0-0.020), 0.049 (0.011-0.149)in ＞40 to 60-year-old group, which showed statistical difference (Z values were -3. 949, -4.236,-4. 373, -4. 973, - 2. 747, - 3. 275, - 3.901, - 4. 185, respectively, all P ＜ 0. 05). There was nodifference between male and female for RET-He, the same normal ranges could be used, but there was significant difference between different age groups. LFR, MFR, HFR and IRF were statistically different between different age groups and different sex groups. The normal ranges should be established by gender and age. Conclusion The normal ranges of RET-He and reticulocyte grouping parameters about healthy adults in Wenzhou are established, which plays an important role in clinical value of RET parameters.

Objective To discuss whether the content and method of pre-job training meet the need of medical trainees and to give some advice on its reformation. Methods 350 trainees enrolled by The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University attended the two-day standardized pre-job training in September, 2016. The self-designed satisfaction questionnaires on contents and method of pre-job training were distributed to all trainees after training, and then the statistical analysis was completed by SPSS 11.0 software. The satisfaction rate higher than80% was deemed as satisfactory, and the satisfaction rate lower than80% was regarded as unsatisfactory. Results 350 questionnaires were distributed in total, with 335 valid responses returned.. The result showed that the number of trainees who were satisfied with the training contents of medical law and rules and regulations, writing norms of medical documents, infection control, medical information technology, medical insurance policy, fire control and personal security and the use of library resources were 321(95.82%), 318(94.93%), 310(92.54%), 302(90.15%), 251(74.93%), 234(69.85%) and 220 (65.67% ) respectively. There were 254 (75.82% ) trainees who were satisfied with the training methods. Conclusions All medical trainees were satisfied with most contents of current pre-job training. However, the trainings on the extension of clinical expertise and the improvement of clinical skills should be added. Almost all trainees were dissatisfied with the training method, which should be diversified. Fur-ther improvement on contents and methods for current pre-job training will be conducive to enhancing the quality of medical trainees.

Objective:To observe any effect of endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) on the functional outcomes of post-stroke patients in the subacute phase.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was conducted of 52 patients who had received an FEES assessment (the FEES group) and 51 who had not (the control group). Both groups received swallowing rehabilitation and intake training based on the results of the FEES assessment and those of a modified volume-viscosity swallowing test. The primary outcome indicator was the incidence of pneumonia. Secondary outcome indicators were the rate of removal of the nasal feeding tube, the length of indwelling of the nasal feeding tube, functional oral intake assessment scale (FOIS) scores, eating technique at discharge, and the length of hospital stay.Results:Compared with the control group, the incidence of pneumonia in the FEES group was significantly lower (7.7% vs. 39.2%). The removal rate of the nasal feeding tube was significantly greater (75.0% vs. 41.0%). The FEES group showed a significant improvement in its average FOIS score. And the proportion of patients who could try partial oral eating or complete oral eating at discharge was significantly higher in the FEES group. Regression analysis indicated that the risk of pneumonia in the FEES group was positively related to the time from onset to the first FEES examination.Conclusion:Early FEES examination after a stroke could reduce the incidence of pneumonia, increase chances of removing the nasal feeding tube and improve the swallowing function and outcome of stroke survivors.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Humans

Objective: To explore the relationship between different serum albumin and lymphocyte levels in patients with 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia (COVID-19). Methods: A retrospective study was performed to identify the characteristics of the clinical data of 205 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in the Happy Street of Hanchuan People's Hospital, Xiaogan, Hubei Province from January 24 to February 12, 2020, including their general information, serum albumin (ALB) levels, lymphocyte counts (LYM), percentage of lymphocytes (LYM%) and other laboratory parameter levels. Low ALB group and normal ALB group were demarcated by the concentration of 35g/L, further to identify the differences of LYM and LYM% levels and the incidence of LYM and LYM% decline at different ALB levels between groups,as well as the correlation between ALB and LYM, LYM% levels in hypoalbuminemia conditions . Results: 17.5% of COVID-19 patients were associated with hypoalbuminemia. The levels of LYM and LYM% in the low ALB group were significantly lower than those in the normal ALB group (P <0.001). The incidence of LYM and LYM% decline in the low ALB group was significantly higher than those in the normal ALB group (P <0.001). The levels of LYM and LYM% in the low ALB group were significantly positively correlated with serum ALB concentrations (P <0.05). Conclusions The decrease of lymphocyte levels in COVID-19 patients may be correlated to hypoalbuminemia. COVID-19 patients complicated by hypoalbuminemia should be actively intervened to maintain serum albumin in the normal range.