Experiments on the use of ultrafiltration in the preparation of Shengmaiying oral liquid were carried out in comparison with the conventional preparation procedure. Results showed that the product obtained had abetter clarity and less impurities. It is postulated that such technique can be used in the purification of many oral liquid preparations of compounded herbal formulations with efficient removal of impurities while retaining the main active principles. The selection of ultrafiltration equipment,its optimum working pressure,temperature and filtration rate were discussed.

Objective To prepare insulin-containing chitosan-thioglycollic acid conjugates microspheres and evaluate their hypoglycemic effect.Methods The insulin-containing chitosan-thioglycollic acid conjugates microspheres were prepared by the dry-in-oil method using the chitosan-thioglycollic acid conjugates which the content of thiol group was 983?mol?g-1.The hypoglycemic effect of the microsphere was evaluated by drug release test in vitro and hypoglycemic test on hyperglycemic rats.Results The insulin-containing chitosan-thioglycollic acid conjugates microspheres with an average diameter of 13?m were administered by intraduodenal and intraileal application,and gave visible decrease in plasma glucose level in 4h at a dose of 20IU?kg-1.The relative bioavailability of the latter compared to hypodermic injection was 29.9%.Couclusion The results showed that the bioavailability of oral insulin could be facilitated by insulin-containing chitosan-thioglycollic acid conjugates microspheres,and good biological availability was obtained when the microspheres were administered by intraileal application.

Objective:To compare the expression and biological activity of glucosyl transferases (GTFs)of Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans)under normal outside environment between high temperature requirment serine proteinase A(HtrA)-deficient strains and high virulent strains isolated from children with high cario-susceptibility.Methods:The HtrA-deficient strains and high virulent strains of S.mutans were obtained by preliminary study.The strains were reanimated and incubated in BHI medium to exponential phase at tenth hour.The expression of gtfB,gtfC and gtfD were detected by real-time RT-PCR.The biological activity of the GTFs were detected by entong sulfuric acid method and Western Blot.Results:The expression of gtfs and GTFs in the HtrA-deficient strains was higher than those of high virulent strains,but the biological activity of the GTFs was lower.Conclusion:The HtrA gene plays an important regulatory role in the process of the GTFs expression of S.mutans isolated from children with high cario-susceptibility.

Objective To evaluate the value of chorionic villus cells karyotype analysis in prenatal diagnosis during the first tri-mester of pregnancy.Methods Pregnant women with prenatal diagnosis indications were punctured by guiding abdominal B-mode ultrasound to get villi tissue which was then to develop cell culture,chromosome preparation and karyotype analysis.Results A to-tal of 1 140 cases were successfully cultured,and the successful cultivating rate was 98.2% (1 140/1 160).Among them,chromo-somes of 62 cases were detected to be non-polymorphic structural abnormalities,including 32 abnormal chromosome number,5 chro-mosome balanced translocation,3 chromosome deletion,and 22 chimeras.What′s more,20 cases were detected to be chromosomal inversion,19 cases of chromosome 9 were inversion,and one with chromosome Y was inversion.Conclusion Karyotype analysis of villus cell could help to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities during early pregnancy and get early intervention.It was significant to reduce the child′s birth with chromosome abnormalities.

Objective Research on the relation between the content of thiol group in chitosan-thioglycolic acid conjugates and in vitro adhesion. Methods Prepared chitosan-thioglycolic acid conjugates with different content of thiol group,and determined the swelling behavior,instant detachment force between test disc and mucosa,recorded the maximum detachment force(MDF),and calculated the total work of adhesion(TWA)of these samples.Results The relation between the content of thiol groups and in vitro adhesion of the chitosan-thioglycolic acid conjugates was positive correlation, the adhesion of the polymer increased along with the content of thiol group,but the rate decreased.Conclusion The adhesion of chitosan-thioglycolic acid conjugates with higher content of thiol gyoup was far more stronger than chitosan.

Objective To evaluate the clinical feasibility of laparoscopic cool-tip radiofrequency ablation (LCRFA)for renal cell carcinoma. Methods Twelve selected cases of primary renal, ceil carcinoma underwent LCRFA. Of them, 4 cases of left renal carcinomas, 7 cases had right renal carci-nomas and 1 case had bilateral renal carcinomas. The maximum diameter of the tumors was 2.1-8. 5 era. Eleven cases were T, No M0 and the other one was T2 N0 M0. Results The mean operation time was 92±24 min, and the mean blood loss was 50±29 ml. None of the cases need blood transfusion post-operation. No laparoscopic operative complications were observed. Six weeks after operation, complete ablation was achieved in 12 lesions and partial ablation in 1, with a complete ablation rate of 92.3%(12/13). There was no statistic change of Hb. ESR. SCr and GFR after operations (P>0.05). Ten cases underwent CT examination 3 months after the treatment ,9 cases showed complete necrosis of tumor,1 case showed partial necrosis. No recurrence was found. All of the 12 cases remained sur-vived during the follow-up for 1-16 months(median,7.8 months). Conelusions LCRFA for renal cell carcinoma is an accurate and effective intervention with a low incidence of complications, and is more accurate than ultrasound-guided pereutaneous radiofrequency ablation.

Objective To evaluate the clinical feasibility of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for renal cell carcinoma in functional solitary kidney. Methods Five selected cases of primary renal cell carcinoma in a functional solitary kidney were retrospective analyzed. Three cases of left renal cell carcinoma and 2 cases of right renal cell carcinoma were diagnosed by B ultrasound and CT scanning. The maximum diameter of the tumors were 3.0- 6.0 cm. Three cases of which were T1a N0 M0 and the others Were T1bN0M0. All patients were followed up with enhanced-CT and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Results The mean time of the operation was 100.0+28.5 min, and the mean blood loss was 95.0±30.5 ml. No patients accepted blood transfusion post-operation. All patients after operation had fever (38.2±0. 7 ℃ ). All the lesions were completely ablated on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. There was no statistic change of hemoglobin, serum creatinine (SCr), ECT-GFR and creatinine clearance after operation (P>0.05). All of the 5 cases survived. No recurrence were found by enhanced-CT and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and SCr was retaining in the normal level during follow-ups (median, 11.5 months). Conclusion Radiofrequency ablation for renal cell carcinoma in a functional solitary kidney could be a treatment choice with a relatively low incidence of complications.

Objective To assess the intraoperative efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of renal tumors.Methods RFA was performed on 110 renal tumors (size range:1.5-8.6 cm,49 located in the left,55 right and 3 bilateral) in 107 selected patients.Conventional tumor biopsy was conducted for pathological diagnosis using 18G biopsy needle after RFA.CEUS was performed in all patients before,during and after RFA to assess the necrotic area.Once suspicious residual lession was discovered by CEUS,another round of RFA was taken immediately.Initial follow-up enhanced CT and CEUS was performed seven days after the procedure,with subsequent CEUS and enhanced CT after one month,three months,and six months to assess the necrotic area.Technical success was defined as elimination of areas that enhanced at imaging within the entire tumor.Results With CEUS performed during RFA,110 tumors (100％) were successfully ablated during one operation.Of these,five tumors was subjected to additional RFA treatment for the suspicious residual lesion detected by CEUS right after initial RFA.Elimination of areas covered the entire tumor after the second RFA.No residual or recurrence tumors was confirmed by both enhanced CT and CEUS during follow-up.All patients survived in the follow-up phase which ranged from 3 to 18 months(mean 11 months).Conclusions With the application of intraoperative CEUS,there were less residual tumors after RFA.

Objective:To analyze the diagnostic efficacy of targeted biopsy (TB) versus targeted biopsy combined with systematic biopsy (TB+ SB) for patients with multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) prostate imaging-reporting and data system (PI-RADS) score of 4-5.Methods:The clinical data of 378 patients with mpMRI PI-RADS score of 4-5 in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January 2018 to February 2020 who received prostate TB+ SB were retrospectively analyzed. Median age was 69 (64, 75) years old, median prostate specific antigen was 9.5 (6.7, 16.3) ng/ ml, and median prostate volume was 34.1 (23.5, 48.4) ml. There were 240 cases with PI-RADS score of 4 and 138 cases with PI-RADS score of 5. Evaluating Gleason score of positive biopsy pathology and using χ 2 test or Fisher exact test to analyze the detection of prostate cancer (PCa) and clinically significant prostate cancer(CsPCa) by TB versus TB+ SB. Results:Of the all 378 cases, 88 cases (23.3%) were negative and 290 cases (76.7%) were positive. The average number of needle for TB was 2.4 per person, while SB was 12 per person. TB and SB had no statistically significant difference in the detection rate of PCa (73.3% vs. 68.3%, P=0.129) and CsPCa (55.8% vs. 49.7%, P=0.094) and in the accuracy (79.1% vs. 77.8%, P=0.658), but had a statistically significant difference in the positive rate (64.2% vs. 23.1%, P < 0.001). The pathological coincidence rate of TB and TB+ SB was 92.3%. There was no statistical difference in the detection rate of PCa (73.3% vs. 76.7%, P=0.275) and CsPCa (55.8% vs. 62.2%, P=0.076) between TB and TB+ SB. The missed diagnosis rate of TB for PCa was 4.5%, for CsPCa was 10.2%. For patients with PI-RADS score of 4, TB had no significant difference in the detection rate of PCa (65.4% vs. 69.2%, P=0.381) and CsPCa (46.7% vs. 52.9%, P=0.171) from TB+ SB. The accuracy of TB was 82.1%. The missed diagnosis rate of TB for PCa was 5.4%, for CsPCa was 11.8%. For patients with PI-RADS score of 5, TB had no significant difference in the detection rate of PCa (87.0% vs. 89.9%, P=0.452) and CsPCa (71.7% vs. 78.3%, P=0.211) from TB+ SB. The accuracy of TB was 73.9%. The missed diagnosis rate of TB for PCa was 3.2%, for CsPCa was 8.3%. Conclusions:For high-risk prostate cancer patients with PI-RADS score of 4-5, TB can obtain a detection effect similar to that of TB+ SB with fewer needles, but there is still the possibility of inaccurate diagnosis and missed diagnosis.

Objective To present the technique and short-term results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small renal tumors. Methods Ten selected patients cases with 11 renal tumors were included in present study. There were 3 cases of left renal tumor, 6 cases of right renal tumor and 1 case of bilateral renal tumors. Tumors were located at the upper pole (2), middle (6), or lower pole (3). All tumors were located distant from the collecting system, without evidence of metastatic disease. Mean tumor size was 2. 8 cm (range: 1.5-4.0). All the patients were managed with a double freeze-thaw cycle of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation. The preoperative Hb was (137± 21)g/L, ESR was (27±12)mm/1 h, SCr was (92±41)μmol/L, GFR was (42±10)ml/min.All the patients were taken routine biopsies. Results Cryoablation was technically successful in all 10 patients (11 tumors). The mean time of the operations was (101 ± 31) min, and the mean blood loss was (42±21) ml. None of the cases received blood transfusion post-operation. No operative complication was seen. The postoperative hospital stay was (4±2) d. The postoperative Hb was (129 ±18)g/L,ESR was (31±14)mm/1 h,SCr was (95±39)μmol/L,GFR was (40±11)ml/min. There was no statistic change of Hb, ESR, SCr and ECT-GFR after operations(P＞0. 05). The biopsy results revealed that 8 tumors were renal clear cell carcinomas, and 2 tumors were papillary renal cell carcinomas, and 1 tumor was renal angiomyolipoma. All the patients had a minimum follow-up of 6 months (mean 16, range 6 to 21). Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at 1, 3, and 6 months identified the punched-out, nonenhancing, spontaneously resorbing, renal cryolesions. Follow-up biopsie of the cryoablated tumor site was negative in the only patient who have undergone the biopsy. No evidence of local or port-site recurrence was found, and no metastatic disease. ConclusionsRetroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation for small renal tumors could be an accurate and effective intervention with a relatively low incidence of complications. Critical long-term data regarding laparoscopic renal cryoablation are awaited.