Many peptide transporters have been identified in mammals, among which PepT1 has been widely studied. PepT1, a member of proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter (POT) superfamily, is a peptide transporter of low affinity and high capacity and is mainly expressed in the brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. PepT1 plays an important role in the absorption of di/tri-peptide (the degradation products of protein in intestinal tract). Meanwhile, it mediates the transport of peptide-like drugs and the bacterial products. Therefore,the changes of the functional expression of PepT1 in the gastrointestinal tract may dramatically affect the internal and external environmental stability and drug absorption. This paper reviews the structural features and function,distribution, transport mechanisms, and regulatory factors of PepT1.

Alzheimer!s disease (AD) is one of the commonest neurodegenerative diseases affected mainly theelderly. AD is characterized by the formation of neuritic plaque in brain, which is composed mainly of extracellular?amyloid deposion, the A?. A?is deprived from serial hydrolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by twosecretases, the ?and ?-secretase respectively. Alternatively, APP can also be sequential processed by ?-secretaseand ?-secretase, which not only preclude the formation of A?, but also generate a large ectodomain (sAPP?) whohas several neuroprotective properties. Thus the secondary processing pathway has become the focus of ADresearch. Many results have indicated that members of the adamalysin family of proteins, mainly the ADAM 10,ADAM 17 and ADAM 9, fulfill some of the criteria required of ?-secretase. Here the biological characteristics of?-secretase, its activity regulation and its potential function as targets for the treatment of AD were summerized.

The aetiology of inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) is still unknown at the present time.However,along with more and more experimental models of IBD developed in recent ten years,the therapeutic effect of probiotics on IBD and the possible mechanisms were widely explored.A lot of experiments have shown that probiotics administration can significantly ameliorate the IBD in many kinds of animal models and this beneficial effect of probiotics may be associated with inhibiting microbial growth,enhancing gut-barrier function,modulating immune response of intestinal mucosa and decomposing luminal pathogenic antigens.

Objective To compare the clinical effect of locking plate and ordinary T-plate fixation for unstable distal radial fracture,thus to provide evidence for the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures.Methods 46 patients with unstable distal radius fractures were selected,and they were randomly divided into two groups,23 cases in each group.The control group received normal T-plate fixation,the observation group was treated with locking plate fixation.The wrist function,postoperative fracture reduction and complications were compared in the two groups.Results After treatment,the wrist joint function excellent rate in the control group was 69.57％,which was significantly lower than 95.65％ in the observation group,the difference was statistically significant between the two groups (x2 =7.41,P ＜ 0.05).The radial height,ulnar deviation and palmar angle of the observation group were (2.51 ±0.59) mm,(13.08 ± 4.71) ° and (20.11 ± 7.02) ° respectively,which were all better than (1.12 ± 0.41) mm,(9.39 ± 4.18)° and (14.37 ± 5.22)° of the control group,the differences were statistically significant (t =4.023,6.081,7.339,all P ＜ 0.05).The observation group had 1 case of fat facilitation,the incidence rate of complication was 4.35 ％,the control group had 1 case of cut nonunion,1 case of wound infection and 1 case of screw loosening,the incidence rate of complications was 13.04％,the incidence of adverse reactions had statistically significant difference between the two groups(x2 =10.17,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Locking plate fixation for treatment of unstable distal radius fractures can achieve satisfactory outcome and effective sustain fractures,meanwhile,patients get good wrist function recovery,reducing the incidence of complications,so it is worthy of clinical use.

Objective: To understand the gambling relations between the stakeholders of catastrophic medical insurance policy under New Rural Cooperative Medical System ( NCMS) , and provide theoretical references for the smooth operation of catastrophic medical insurance policy of NCMS. Methods:Analyzing the game relationships among the four sides:the government, business insurance agencies, designated medical institutions and participating farmers suffering from catastrophic diseases through game theory. Results: The government and business insurance agency, and the government and designated medical institution belong to cooperative games. The farmers participated in catastrophic medical insurance tend to choose cooperative strategy. Non-cooperative games exist in business insurance agency, designated medical institution and participating farmers. Conclusion: Strategic relationship of close cooperation should be established between the business insurance agencies and designated medical institutions. The government should strengthen the regulatory constraints between the business insurance agencies and designated medical institutionsi, at the same time, it needs to establish the incentive mechanism soon.

[Objective]To investigate whether syrinx should by treated before correction in patients with scoliosis complicated by syringomyelia without neurologic impairment. [Method]Thirty-five cases were divided into experimental group(group A,without preoperative surgical intervention to syrinx,15 cases)and control group(group B,with preoperative surgical intervention,20 cases) randomly. The coronal plane Cobb's angle,the length of syrinx,the position of syrinx,the biggest diameter of syrinx and S/C ratio were measured and compared between 2 groups.[Result]There was no significant difference in the correction rate and loss rate between two groups.The postoperative syrinx index(biggest diameter of syrinx,syrinx length and S/C ratio) was significantly smaller than that of preoperation(P

Objective To investigate the experiences of total hip replacement in the treatment of different types of osteoarthritis secondary to acetabular dysplasia, and evaluate its effect. Methods From January 1999 to December 2006, 37 hips in 35 cases with osteoarthritis secondary to acetabular dysplasia undergoing total hip replacement were included in this study. Preoperative Harris score was 30-64 points, with an average score of 45 points. Undergoing total hip replacement with complete release, of soft tissue, original acetabular, and no femoral osteotomy. Crowe Ⅰ , Ⅱ-type acetabular dysplasia chose conventional cementless press-fit prosthesis;Crowe Ⅲ,Ⅳ-type,chose the appropriate trumpet,Zweymüller system cementless acetabular biconical spiral surface and thin and straight SL rectangular hip stems. Results The duration of follow-up ranged from 12 to 60 months (average 24 months). No case appeared dislocation, periprosthetic fractures, femoral nerve and sciatic nerve injury and other complications, no clinical and X-ray findings of prosthesis loosening occurred. Postoperative Harris score was 60-95 points, and average was 85 points. Conclusion Adequate preoperative preparation, intraoperative complete release, is the key of the treatment and restoration of limb length.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of the ultra-early stent-assisted coil embolization of the ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Methods The clinical data of 13 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm treated by ultra-early stent-assisted coil embolization were analyzed retrospectively. The preoperative Hunt-Hess gradeⅠ-Ⅱ was in 7 cases,gradeⅢ was in 4 cases,and grade Ⅳ was in 2 cases. The patients were treated with stent-assisted coil embolization under the general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation within 24 h of aneurysm rupture. The postoperative embolization was assessed according to the Raymond grading standard. The postoperative complications and the assessment of the follow-up results from 1 to 6 months after procedure according to the modified Rankin scale (mRS ) scores were observed. Results All 11 patients recovered well,1 case had postoperative hemiplegia,1 case had postoperative bleeding,and none of them died. During the follow-up period,no patients had rebleeding, 1 had recurrence,and DSA revealed that the patient was embolized completely at 2 months after reembolization. Conclusion The method of ultra-early stent-assisted coil embolization of ruptured intracranial aneurysms is feasible. It may improve the cure rate of the ruptured aneurysms and improve the prognosis of patients.

Objective To study the molecular genetic characteristics and immunophenotype of diffuse large B -cell lymphoma (DLBCL),thus to provide evidence in further research.Methods 92 patients with DLBCL were selected.Immunophenotype was classified by Hans method,bcl -2 and bcl -6 were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).The relationship between immunophenotype and genes expression was analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Results There were GCB with 28 cases(30.43%)and non GCB with 64 cases(69.57%).Bcl -2 gene abnormality was more found in GCB(χ2 =38.39,P <0.05),there was no difference of bcl -6 abnormality between GCB and non GCB(χ2 =0.56,P >0.05).There was no correlation between bcl -2 translocation and bcl -6 translocation(r =0.095,P >0.05),but there was significant correlation between bcl -2 amplification and bcl -6 translocation(r =0.750,P <0.01).There were no correlations between the location and immunophenotype,bcl -2,bcl -6(r =0.174, r =0.205,r =0.188,all P >0.05 ).Conclusion Bcl -2 gene abnormality was more found in GCB,but the relationship between bcl -2 and bcl -6 is not clear.There may be no correlation between location and molecular genetic.

AIM: To investigate the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway involved in the protective effect and mechanism of propofol on the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS: There were 72 healthy male SD rats. All rats established a model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury according to the Zea Longa method and were randomly divided into six groups (n=12), A-sham operation group, B-model group (MCAO), C-Propofol group, D-Propofol+adenosine A1R antagonist group (DPCPX), E-Propofol group+PI3K specific inhibitor (LY294002), F-Propofol+GSK3β inhibitor group (SB216763). The neurological scores of rats 24 h after operation, LDF monitors changes in cerebral blood flow before and after embolization were observed. The TTC staining method was used to detect the cerebral infarction volume of rats in each group; HE staining method was used to observe the morphological changes of the rat brain tissue; Immunohistochemical method was used to detect Bcl-2 positive cells expression; TUNEL was used to detect cerebral cortex ischemia in each group. The percentage of neuronal apoptotic cells. RESULTS: Compared with group A, the behaviors, cerebral infarction volume, apoptosis rate, and Bcl-2 protein expression of rats in groups B, C, D, E, and F all increased (P<0.05); compared with group C, the behavioral scores, cerebral infarction volume and apoptosis rate of rats in groups B, D and E all increased significantly, and the expression of Bcl-2 protein was decreased significantly (P<0.01), but the expression of Bcl-2 protein in group F was increased, cell apoptosis rate decreased (P<0.05), behavior score and infarcts decreased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The neuroprotective effect of propofol mediated by adenosine A1R on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats may be related to the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signal transduction pathway.