Aquaporins (AQP), abundant in diversity, are the member of the major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) family with extraordinary ability to transport water, and thus, play important roles in modulation of water relations in plants. The recent advances in classification, structural characteristics, and physiological functions during plant growth and development as well as the various regulation modes of the activity and the effects of several abiotic stresses (water stress and salt stress) and phytohormones (ABA, GA and ethylene) on the gene expression of AQP were reviewed.

AIM:To investigate the effect of different oxygen concentrations on the differentiation of marrow stroma cells into osteoblasts and to evaluate the expression of Cbf?1 /Runx2,bone-morphogenesis protein 2 (BMP2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ?2 (PPAR-?2) in bone marrow stromal cells. METHODS:The bone marrow stomal cells obtained from 4-month-old female SD rats were cultured in growth medium and were used between passages 3 to 5. The cells were divided randomly into 4 groups,each group has 8 samples. The cells in all 4 groups were used for the following experiments after cultured with different oxygen concentrations for 3 d in osteoblastic differentiation medium:total cellular RNA was isolated using total RNA kit; RT -PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of Cbf?1 /Runx2,BMP2 and PPAR?2. The protein expression of Cbf?1 /Runx2 and BMP2 was assayed by Western blotting. RESULTS:Compared to the cells in normoxia condition (20% ),the mRNA and protein expressions of Runx2 were enhanced significantly,the mRNA expression of BMP2 was also enhanced significantly,the protein expression of BMP2 increased and the mRNA expression of PPAR?2 decreased significantly in the cells cultured with lower oxygen concentrations. The lower oxygen con-centration was in the culture,the more Runx2 mRNA,BMP2 mRNA,BMP2 and Runx2 protein were expressed. On the contrary,hypoxia significantly decreased the expression of PPAR?2 mRNA in bone marrow stronmal cells and the lower the oxy-gen concentration was used,the less expression of PPAR?2 mRNA was achieved. CONCLUSION:Hypoxia promotes the mRNA and protein expressions of Runx2 and BMP2,also significantly decreases the expression of PPAR?2 mRNA in bone marrow stronmal cells in an oxygen concentration dependent manner,indicating that hypoxia significantly stimulates the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts instead of lipocytes.

Internationalization is the inevitable trend of the development of graduate education. The graduate education in China faces many difficulties in the process of internationalization. For ex-ample, in thegoing out process it can not get international recognition, and in recruit there is in-adequate management, and the training quality is not high.Medical education has its own characteris-tics, and its internationalization process is more difficult. The authors has made an investigation of oral medical students studying in his work unit, and on the basis of the findings, puts forward some coun-termeasures for improving oral medical students' graduate education management.

Objective To observe the expressions of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) protein and mRNA in thyroid gland of lactating rats.Methods Eighty adult Wistar rats (60 females and 20 males),weighting 210-250 g were selected.The 60 female Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups according to their body weight by means of random number table:normal non-pregnant group,lactating for 5,10,15 and 20 days groups and weaning for 5 days group,10 rats in each group.All rats were fed with conventional fodder and tap water freely,and the rats of lactating groups except the normal non-pregnant group cohabited with male rats (3 ∶ 1).Then all rats were killed on the 5th,10th,15th and 20th day after lactation and on the 5th day after weaning to get thyroid tissues.The expressions of TSHR protein and mRNA were determined by immunohistochemical staining and realtime quantitative PCR.Results TSHR protein was expressed in cytoplasm and membrane of rat thyroid follicular cells.The expression of TSHR protein in thyroid gland was significant different statistically between groups (x2 =11.227,P ＜ 0.05); the staining intensity of rat thyroid tissues in the normal non-pregnant gruop (weak,n =2; moderate,n =5; strong,n =3) was stronger than that of rats lactating for 5 days (weak,n =7; moderate,n =3; x2 =5.895,P ＜ 0.05).But the expression of TSHR protein in thyroid tissues in the normal non-pregnant group was not significantly different statistically compared with the expression of TSHR protein in other groups (lactating for 10,15and 20 days) and weaning for 5 days group (all P ＞ 0.05).The expression of TSHR mRNA in thyroid gland was significantly different statistically between groups (F =2.970,P ＜ 0.05); the expression of TSHR mRNA in lactating for 5 days group (0.74 ± 0.13) was lower than that of the non-pregnant group (1.02 ± 0.24,P ＜ 0.05); and the expression of TSHR mRNA in the normal non-pregnant group was not significantly different statistically compared with those of other groups (lactating for 10,15 and 20 days) and weaning for 5 days group (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion TSHR is widely expressed in thyroid gland of lactating rats,but relatively lower in early lactation period.

Objective To explore the rehabilitation for dysphagia in young patient after tracheotomy and cricopharyngeal achalasia with-out cough reflex. Methods A child was reviewed, who accepted tracheotomy after resection of cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma for dyspha-gia. The features characterized as severe silent aspiration and failure of cricopharyngeus muscle relaxation. Therapies included Passy-Muir valve placement, breathing exercises, balloon dilatation, surface electromyography biofeedback, and electrical stimulation. Results The aspi-ration was observed when she drank thin liquid with weak cough reflex, and disappeared as eating thick liquid and paste food, with complete cricopharyngeus muscle opening, 7 weeks after treatment. She was removed the tracheotomy tube and nasal feeding tube 11 weeks after treatment, and got sufficient nutrition by fully oral intake. Conclusion The application of Passy-Muir valve and comprehensive swallowing training is helpful for patient post tracheotomy with silent aspiration in decreasing the risk of aspiration, improving cough reflex and prompt-ing swallowing function.

Objective To explore effective precautions and interventions for choking in dysphagia patients.Methods Clinical data on f dysphagia patients hospitalized from September 1,1996 to Aug 8,2014 were retrospectively analyzed to correlate choking with gender,age,consciousness,type of aspiration,food-intake pathway and food texture.Results Only 0.17％ of the patients (n =8) were found to have choked,and 6 of them were men.Children,teenagers,the middle-aged and the aged constituted 25％,12.5％,37.5％ and 25％ of the patients respectively.75％ were conscious and 62.5％ displayed silent aspiration.6 cases used oral intake and 2 used nasogastric tube feeding.Among the 8 choking patients,half ate solid food,2 semisolid and 2 liquid food.Six survived and 2 died.Conclusion The risk factors for choking include silent aspiration and oral intake of solid or semisolid food.The successful rescue rate for choking is relatively low,so clinicians should be aware of and try to eliminate these risk factors.

In order to adapt to the education of the professional who work in thecurrent medical lab,we set up the course of'Experimental Technology of Medical Function'. It is a required subject for the professional with laboratory skill. This article explores the curriculum sys-tem,teaching contents,teaching methods and examination.

Multidrug resistance proteins (MRP2, ABCC2) may play a role in drug resistance in epilepsy by limiting gastrointestinal absorption and brain access of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). We sought to investigate the effects of ABCC2 polymorphisms on plasma carbamazepine (CBZ) concentrations and pharmacoresistance in Chinese patients with epilepsy. ABCC2 rs717620, rs2273697, rs3740066 polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or direct automated DNA sequencing in 80 patients treated with CBZ monotherapy. There were no differences in CBZ maintenance doses or adjusted plasma CBZ concentrations among the ABCC2 rs717620, rs2273697 and rs3740066 genotypic groups. No associations between all the studied genotypes and haplotypes involving the three SNPs of ABCC2 and CBZ resistance were observed in this patient cohort. These results suggest that ABCC2 polymorphisms may not contribute to interindividual variabilities in CBZ daily maintenance doses, plasma concentrations, and treatment efficacy.
Epilepsy

Objective To observe the effects of insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on the expressions of sodium iodide symporter(NIS) and pendrin mRNA in a placental villous trophoblast cell line(HPT-8) exposed to different levels of iodine.Methods HPT-8 cells were cultured in vitro in the culture flask and divided into low iodine group-Ⅰ (LI-Ⅰ),low iodine group-Ⅱ (LI-Ⅱ),control group,high iodine group-Ⅰ (HI-Ⅰ) and high iodine group-Ⅱ (HI-Ⅱ) that exposed to different concentrations of iodine (0,5,50,500,5000 μg/L).After cell cultured for 24 h,the followings were added to the culture medium:iodine plus IGF-Ⅰ(0.050 mg/L),iodine plus TGF-β1 (0.001 mg/L).After cultured for another 24 h,total RNA was extracted,the expressions of NIS and pendrin mRNA of HPT-8 cells were determined by real-time quantitative PCR.Results The expression of NIS mRNA in HPT-8 cells:at different levels of iodine,the differences of NIS mRNA expression between groups were statistically significant in group with iodine alone(F =3.612,P ＜ 0.01).The expression of NIS mRNA in LI-Ⅰ group(0.44 ± 0.21) was significantly lower than that of control group(1.25 ± 0.77,P＜ 0.01).At the same level of iodine,in LI-Ⅰ group and HI-Ⅰ group,the differences of NIS mRNA expression within groups were statistically significant (F =13.632,6.900,all P ＜ 0.01).In LI-Ⅰ group,the expressions of NIS mRNA were higher in iodine plus IGF-Ⅰ(1.13 ± 0.38) and iodine plus TGF-β1 (0.81 ± 0.34) than that of pure iodine(0.44 ± 0.21,P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05);in HI-Ⅰ group,the expression of NIS mRNA was lower in iodine plus TGF-β1 (0.62 ± 0.30) than that of pure iodine(1.23 ± 0.91,P ＜ 0.01).The expression of pendrin mRNA in HPT-8 cells:at different levels of iodine,the differences of pendrin mRNA expression between groups were statistically significant in group with iodine alone(F =12.717,P ＜ 0.01).The expression of pendrin mRNA in LI-Ⅰ group(0.59 ± 0.15) was significantly lower than that of control group(1.03 ± 0.14,P ＜ 0.01) ; HI-Ⅰ group(1.29 ± 0.31) was higher than control group(P ＜ 0.05).At the same level of iodine,the differences of pendrin mRNA expression within groups were statistically significant in LI-Ⅰ,LI-Ⅱ,control and HI-Ⅰ groups (F=12.588,4.588,8.679,8.445,all P ＜ 0.01).In LI-Ⅰ,LI-Ⅱ and control groups,the expressions of pendrin mRNA were significantly higher in iodine plus IGF-Ⅰ(1.68 ± 0.82,1.51 ± 0.79,1.50 ± 0.51) than that of pure iodine(0.59 ± 0.15,0.89 ± 0.22,1.03 ± 0.14,all P ＜ 0.01); in HI-Ⅰ group,the expression of pendrin mRNA was significantly lower in iodine plus TGF-β1 (0.78 ± 0.20) than that of pure iodine(1.29 ± 0.31,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions In the case of iodine deficiency,the mRNA expressions of NIS and pendrin in HPT-8 cells are decreased and the iodine uptake ability is decreased; the expression of pendrin mRNA in HPT-8 cells is increased and placental iodine uptake is increased under the conditions of mild iodine excessive.IGF-Ⅰ and TGF-β1 play a role in the placental iodine uptake through increasing iodine uptake under the conditions of iodine deficiency and decreasing iodine uptake under the conditions of iodine excessive.

Objective To observe the effect of surface electromyographic biofeedback (sEMG-BFB) combined with routine swallow training on dysphagic patients with cerebral infarction at recovery stage.Methods Fiftyone dysphagic patients with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into two groups:control group (26 cases) and biofeedback training group (25 cases).The control group was given routine training including orofacial function training,balloon dilatation and behavioral swallowing training,while the biofeedback training group was given behavioral swallowing training was conducted with the guidance of sEMG-BFB in addition to the routine training.Before and after the treatment,videofluoroscopy swallowing study (VFSS) was performed to observe the opening of upper esophageal sphincter (UES).Functional oral intake scale (FOIS) was used to evaluate swallow function.Results Before treatment,there were no significant difference between the two groups in terms of FOIS score and UES opening (P ＞0.05).The FOIS score increased in both groups after treatment (P ＜ 0.05),and the FOIS score was higher in the biofeedback training group than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the number of UES complete opening and incomplete opening was 18 and 8,respectively,in the control group,versus 20 and 5,respectively,in the biofeedback training group.UES opening improved in both groups after treatment (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Routine swallowing training combined with sEMG-BFB can benefit the dysphagic patients with cerebral infarction for their UES opening and swallowing ability at recovery stage.