AIM: To investigate the effects of D-galactose on ultrastructure of rats' hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.METHODS: 12 rats at age of 6 months were divided into two groups at random,the control and D-galactose group.Rats of control group were treated with saline solution by sc,and rats of D-galactose group were treated with D-galactose by sc at dose of 100(mg?kg~(-1)). Three months later the rats were killed by exsanguinating from heart.After being infused into the left ventricle with 2%-(2.5)% polyformaldehyde at the dose of 50(mg?kg~(-1)),the brains were taken and immerged in(2.5)% polyformaldehyde,then the arcuate nucleus was taken according to the atlas of brain,the tissues taken were made into ultrathin sections to be observed under electron microscope.RESULTS: comparing to rats in control group,neurons of the arcuate nucleus of rats in D-galactose group appeared aging,the number of organelle in plasma decreased,but the number of lipochromesome in plasma increased significantly,and the size of neurons decreased also.Furthermore the apoptosis neuron was observed,the chromosome of which congregated around the nucleus' membrane,the typical aging neuron was also observed,the neuraxon of which was atrophying.But there were no obvious changes observed in neurons of the arcuate nucleus of rats in control group,plenty of organelles were observed under electron microscope clearly.CONCLUSION:D-galactose can cause neurons of rats' arcuate nucleus aging,the neurons appeared atrophying and apoptosis.

AIM: To observe the effects of D-galactose on the lumber vertebra body and investigate the reasons. METHODS: 12 rats at age of 6 months were divided into two groups, control group and D-galactose group (n=6 in each). The control group were administered saline solution sc, and the D-galactose group were administered 5% D-galactose solution sc at dose of 100 mg?kg -1. After 3 month, the rats were killed by exsanguination from heart. The fourth lumber vertebra was taken and immerged in formalin. The testicle were taken and immerged in formalin at the same time. The blood serum was collected by centrifugating the collected blood after resting for a while, and it was preserved in refrigeratory at the degree of - 70 ℃.The vertebra body were embedded in plastic and sliced up after being dehydrated step by step with different concentration ethanol. The slices were analyzed under the image analysis apparatus. The testicle were made into paraffin slices and observed under the common microscope. The concentration of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone were measured by radio-immunity assay. RESULTS: The lumber vertebra body in D-galactose group appeared osteoporosis. The serum testosterone hormone concentrations of D-galactose rats were significantly decreased. And the microstructure of testicle present aging change, but no change of serum LH concentration was observed. CONCLUTION: D-galactose can cause the osteoporosis in male rats, which may be related to affect the function of thalamus-pituitary-testicle axis, decrease the content of testosterone of D-galactose.

Objective To investigate the prevention of distant multiple organ dysfunction caused by lower limb ischemia/reperfusion with taurine.Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups.(1)Reperfusion group:rats underwent 2-hour bilateral artery femoralis of hind limbs ischemia and followed by 5 hours reperfusion.(2)Taurine group:each rat was oraled 20% taurine 3ml every day for 7 days and underwent 2hrs ischemia followed by 5 hrs reperfusion.(3)Control group:sham animals didn't undergo ischemia.The count of leukocyte,myocardial and liver enzymes were measured.Ultrastructural pathological change of distant organs were observed.Superoxide dismutase(SOD) of erythrocyte,malondialdehyde(MDA) glutathione(GSH) and tumor necrosis factor(TNF) in tissue homogenization was assayed.Results The count of leukocyte was decreased significantly in reperfusion group,myocardial and liver enzymes were significantly increased compared with control group ultrastructural pathological change of extensive injury of distant multiple organs was occurred in perfusion group.SOD of erythrocyte and GSH in serum were decreased compared with control group,while MDA and tumor necrosis factor in tissue homogenization of liver and lung were significantly increased.The pathological changes of taurine group was obviously alleviate.Conclusion Limb ischemia/reperfusion can produce quantities of oxygen free radicals and TNF which were released by activated polymornuclear leukocytes.This made the body plunge into systemic inflammation response syndrome and induce distant multiple organ dysfunction.Taurine can prevent it obviously.

Objective To analyze the relationship between clinical features of infantile cough after infection and microelements in peripheral blood, and to observe the therapeutic of treating this cough with Milkvetch Root and Radix Glycyrrhizae. Methods 75 infantile patients were randomly recruited into a therapeutic group and a reference group. 39 patients in the therapeutic group were treated with Huangqi Zhusheye and Tablete Glycyrrhiza, while 36 patients in the reference group were treated with Azithromycin. The therapeutic effects were evaluated after the treatment. Meanwhile,microelements in peripheral blood of the 75 patients were assayed and made a contrast to 40 healthy children. Results The contents of Fe, Zn, and Mg in peripheral blood of the 75 patients dropped on different levels, comparing to the healthy children.The therapeutic effects of the therapeutic group was much better than the reference group with significant difference (P＜0.05).Liver and renal functional lesion was unseen in both groups after the treatment. Conclusion Infantile past-infection cough may related with the decrease of Mg, Fe, and Zn. Combined usage of Milkvetch Root and Radix Glycyrrhizae clinically has good therapeutic effects to this disease.

OBJECTIVE:To study the preparation technology of Fanhuncao sustained-release dropping pills. METHODS:The preparation technology of Fanhuncao sustained-release dropping pills was optimized by orthogonal design and single factor test with PEG4000,PEG6000 and glycerol monostearate(GM)as carrier materials,using sphericity,pill weight difference and appearance quality as index,GM-PEG weight ratio,liquid temperature,nozzle temperature,dipping speed,dropping distance,diameter of emitter as factors and the verification test was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal technology was that the ratio of GM-PEG was 3∶7;the temperature of drug mixture was 85 ℃;the dropping speed was 40 drop/min;dropping distance was 4 cm;and the conden-sate temperature was 15 ℃;diameter of emitter was 4 mm. RSD of each index of 3 batches of dripping pills were all ≤0.58%(n=3)in verification test;the average content of chlorogenic acid was 0.14 mg/g;the average pill weight difference was 3.21%;the average sphericity was 9.43;and the average appearance quality was 4.33. Q1 h were 23.4%,24.4% and 23.3% in average(n=6),and Q12 h were 89.6%,91.2% and 91.5%(n=6). CONCLUSIONS:The optimal preparation technology is stable and simple, and can be used for industrial production of Fanhuncao sustained-release dropping pills.

Fifty three Wistar rats were randomly divided into healthy control group, COPD model group and NAC group, PKC inhibitor H7 intervention group and TGF ? monocolonal antibody group(TGF ? MA group).To study the role of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) and the tissue inhibitor of MMPs(TIMP 1) in the airway extracellular matrix(ECM) remodelling of COPD rat models and to observe the effects of NAC, H7 and TGF ? MA intervention on the regulation of MMPs and TIMP 1 and on ECM remodelling of the airway walls. Compared with control group, the airway collagen, the hydroxyproline(Hy) content of lung homogenates ,the number of fibroblasts(Fb) , the protein and/or mRNA expressions of MMP 2, MMP 9, TIMP 1 and TGF ? Ⅰ, Ⅱ receptor and the enzyme activities of MMP 2 (72kD), MMP 9 (92kD) were significantly increased in COPD model group. In all the drug intervention groups, the expressions of the above parameters were significantly decreased than those in model group except for Hy and Fb in H7 group, protein expression of TGF ? I receptor in NAC group and MMP 9 in TGF ? MA group. The results suggested that increased MMPs as matrix degrading enzymes might be responsible for the excessive degradation of ECM in airway, whereas incresed TIMPs might promote excessive ECM synthesis and deposition. The imbalance of MMP 9/TIMP 1 was related to the airway ECM remodelling. An antioxidant NAC and TGF ? MA might regulate the MMPs/TIMP 1 expression and reduce the airway fibrosis.H7 had strong collagenase inhibitory action,resulting increse in Hy and Fbs. The data may be helpful for searching effective prevention and treatment of airway ECM remodelling.

Aim To study the effects of D-galactose o n bone of rats. Methods Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats at age of 3 months with half female and half male were divided into five groups randoml y, basal, OVX or ORX , D-galactose at dose of 50 mg?kg -1?d -1 (L), D-galactose at dose of 100 mg?kg -1?d -1 (M), galactose a t dose of 200 mg?kg -1?d -1 (H).The former two groups were SC inject ed physiological saline and the latter three groups were injected three differen t doses of D-galactose respectively. Two months later the rats were killed by setting blood free from hearts, then the left thighbones and tibias were take n. The tibias were cut at 8 ?m sections for static and dynamic bone histomorph ometric analyses. The thighbones were dried and weighed. All rats were given sc injections of tetracycline 25 mg?kg -1 (first fluorochrome bone marker) on 14 and d 13,and calcein 10 mg?kg -1(second fluorochrome bone marker) on 4 and d 3 before sacrifice. The testicles and the ovaries were taken and made the paraffin slices for observing the microstructure under the microscope. Results D-galactose had no effects on bone of female rats, but can made male rats lose bone significantly and the rats appeared osteoporosis. The static parameters in three different dose male rats bone which relate to bone ma ss %Tb. Ar decreased 53.5%,53.5%,46.6% respectively, Tb.N decreased 42.9%,4 7.6%,38.1% respectively, TB.Sp increased 85%,150%,67.3% respectivly. The dynamic parameters which relate to bone formation %L. Pm decreased 24.1% 89.1% , 65.5% respectively. The convoluted suminiferous tubule disordered, lumens dil ated, and basal membrane disintegrated. Conclusion D-galac tose had different effects on bone of different gender rats. There is no effect on female bone, but it can induce the male rats osteoporosis. The mechanism of D-galactose on bone was probably due to the different effects on gonad glan ds.

Based on theories of career guidance and refined management,this paper introduced the investigation and practice of refined career planning and guidance for pharmacy graduate students in Peking University,and puts forward some ideas to improve the career planning and guidance in the future.

This article was aimed to study the chemical constituents in Tragopogon porrifolius L. and their activities by pharmacological experiment in order to provide evidences in the further development of the usage of this medical resource. Under the guidance of pharmacological activities screening results, compounds were isolated by repeated silica gel, macroporous resin column chromatography and HPLC. Their structures were identified by means of UV, IR, MS, NMR and other chemical evidences. The results showed that T. porrifolius L. (i.e., n-butanol extraction part) can increase survival time of mice in the oxygen-lacking state (P < 0.05). Two compounds of biological alkaloids, which were identified as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (Ⅰ) and adenine (II), were isolated. It was concluded that compound Ⅰ and II were obtained from T. porrifolius L. for the first time.

Objective The poor sleep quality of epileptic patients may be partly due to the occurrence epileptiform discharges (EDs).We observed the number of interictal discharges in each sleep stage and explored the associations between EDs and sleep phases in epilepsy patients.Methods Two hundred and forty epileptic patients and 213 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the current study.For all subjects,video-electroencephalogram monitoring and 24 h-night polysomnography were conducted to detect EDs and analyze the sleep structures.Results EDs were detected in 88.7％ (213/240) of epilepsy patients with the most frequent cases from the temporal lobe.The EDs detected during waking,sleeping,or both waking and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stage accounted for 20.6％ (44/213),40.4％ (86/213),and 38.9％ (83/213) of the total patients,respectively.The total sleep time and time spent in REM were similar between the epileptic patients and healthy volunteers.However,epileptic patients spent a significantly longer mean sleep time in NREM Ⅰ-Ⅱ ((304 ±39) min versus (225 ±29) min,t =3.51,P =0.000) and less in NREM Ⅲ-Ⅳ ((49 ± 7) min versus (133 ± 17) min,t =2.30,P =0.000) than healthy volunteers.Furthermore,asymmetric sleep spindles and fragmentary sleep structure as well as high inversion frequency were found in epilepsy patients,respectively.Conclusion Combination of long-term video electroencephalogram with polysomnography is a useful method to analyze associations between EDs and the sleep-wake cycle.This strategy can also help identify the nature of sleep disorders in epileptic patients,which may improve the treatment efficacy.