Objective To explore the relationship between the size of the kidney and gender,age,height,weight,waist circumference then derive an estimation formula of a normal kidney size for different people.Methods We investigated 1 000 normal cases who accepted the examination in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from December 2011 to April 2012,including 462 males,538 females,aged 21-78 years.All the investigated subjects were healthy except for hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr),fasting glucose,uric acid,routine urine test were all in the normal range.Height,weight,and waist circumference were measured for all the subjects.The renal length and transverse diameter in supine coronal sections,anteroposterior diameter in vertical cross-section of the renal hilum were measured by the same technical experts with Philip iU22 C5-1,3.5 MHz convex array probe.Results The right and left kidney size both are significantly related to height (right r=0.845,left r=0.876,P＜0.01).By multiple regression analysis,there was a significant association between height,weight,body surface area and kidney size (R2＞0.5).Linear regression formula for the kidney length and the height(H,cm):Kidney length of men:right 0.059×H+0.144; left:0.061 ×H+0.287.Kidney length of women:right 0.039×H+3.679; left:0.035×H+4.454.Regardless of gender,the formula of left kidney length:0.052× H+0.721.Linear regression formula about the left kidney length and the height,body weight and body surface area (unit:H cm,W kg,BSA m2):0.114×H+0.139×W-10.287×BSA+2.112.Conclusion There is the best correlation between kidney length and height.Height,weight,body surface area have great influence on kidney size.

Objective To investigates factors affecting the positive rate of blocking antibody treated by paternal lymphocyte immunotherapy in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).Methods From January 2008 to August 2012,326 RSA cases undergoing treatment in Infertility Center of Qilu Hospital were studied retrospectively.Those patients were divided into 2 groups randomly:260 cases in intradermal injection group were administered via bilateral forearm intradermal injections for immunotherapy once 21 days,then the blocking antibody was determined after 2 (23 cases),3 (73 cases),4 (74 cases),5(90 cases) times respectively,while in subcutaneous injection group,the 66 cases were administered via subcutaneous injection once 21 days,the blocking antibody measured after 3 times; In both cases,the blocking antibody was all determined 2 weeks later.The positive rate of blocking antibodies and the rate of successful pregnancy was recorded,and then followed up after the blocking antibody turning positive.Results (1)Positive rate of blocking antibodies:the positive rate of blocking antibodies were 17％ (4/23),58％ (42/73),72％ (53/74) and 84％ (76/90) in the 2,3,4,and 5 times of intradermal injection group,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).In subcutaneous injection group,the positive rate of blocking antibodies was 38 ％ (25/66),which was significantly lower than that in group intradermal injection receiving 3 times immunotherapy (P ＜0.05).(2) The rate of pregnancy:the 176 patients out of 200 patients were pregnant when antibody was positive after immunotherapy,with 71.6％ (126/176)of patients gained successful pregnancy(the length of pregnancy more than 5 months).Conclusions The route and frequency of administration of immunotherapy could influence the positive rate of blocking antibody.The rate of successful pregnancy will be increased after blocking antibody turning positive.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) by detecting the expressions of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Smad proteins andα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in kidney biopsy of patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods Twenty-eight patients with DN who underwent renal biopsy were col-lected as DN group. Ten subjects without DN who underwent nephrectomy were taken as control group. The expressions of TGF-β1, TGF-βRⅠ,TGF-βRⅡ,Smad2/3 andα-SMA in renal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry stain. Results (1)TGF-β1,TGF-β RⅠ,TGF-β RⅡ,and Smad2/3 were expressed in the glomeruli and tubules of both DN group and control group, while the expressions of TGF-βand Smad proteins were significantly higher in DN group than those in control group. At the early stage of DN, TGF-βand Smad proteins were significantly expressed even though there was no remarkable lesions observed by light microscopy. There was no correlation between increased expression and the progres-sion of DN. These proteins were not expressed after glomerulus and renal tubule fibrosis. (2) In control group,α-SMA was identified only in the vascular walls, glomerulus and renal tubules, while it was expressed in almost all parts of kidney in DN group. Conclusion TGF-β and Smad signals involved in the pathogenesis of DN, which may have similar pathogenesis with immune complex glomerulonephritis.

Objective To study the effect of high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU)ablation on microvessel density(MVD)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in rabbit hepatcocellular carcinoma (HCC)models.Methods The VX2 t umor cells were planted in the hepatic left-central lobe on 30 rabbits.All animals were divided into two groups randomly:HIFU group(n=25)and control group(n=5).The MVD and the expression of VEGF in the HCC was detected by immunohistochemical SABC methods in control group and 0,1,3.7,16 d after the operation in HIFU group.Results The MVD and the expression of VEGF in the HCC tissue after HIFU treatment in the HIFU group were decreased significantly as compared with those in the control group (P＜0.01).However,there was no significant difference in MVD and the expression of VEGF in the HCC tissue after HIFU treatment in the HIFU group among the different time points(P＞0.05).Conclusions HIFU treatment can effectively destroy the micovessel,repress the neovascularization and reduce the blood supply of the HCC.

Objective To discuss the significance of serum IgE before and after inhale glucocorticoid treat-ment of children's asthma. Methods 520 children with asthma were seleceted from the outpatient. Different type of fluticasone propionate were given to different age groups: Aerosol type by a spacer in less than 5 years old,and in-halant (Seretide) 5 years and the above. The dosage was between 200 μg/day to 375 μg/day. IgE was tested before and 3 months after the treatment. Results Serum IgE decreased significantly in 3 months treatment [ from (496.12±24.75) kU/L to (390.71±18.71) kU/L] (t=7.337,P<0.01). The change of IgE was related to clinical effect and age. The level increased in those less than 3 years [(307.05±34.71)kU/L vs (483.09±41.78) kU/L] (t=2.963,P=0.004),but decreased between 4 to 5 years old group [(543.46±51.03) kU/L vs (316.93±29.30) kU/L] (t=3.368,P=0.000) ,and decreased between 6 to 14 years old group[ (586.30±37.19)kU/L vs (387.61±27.60) kU/L] (t=4.827,P=0.000). In fluticasone group IgE level changed from (468.91±32.81) kU/L to (359.03±22.79) kU/L after treatment (t=5.988,P<0.01),which decreased from (586.30±37.19) kU/L to (387.6±27.60) kU/L in Salmeterol group (t=4.827,P<0.01). In 260 cases of IgE below 300 kU/L 109 cases (41.92%,109/260) increased while in 260 cases of IgE above 300 kU/L,total IgE lev-el increased in 45 cases (16.15% ,45/260) after treatment,with statistical significance(χ<'2>=37.789,P=0.000). Conclusion Inhale glucocorticoid can make the level of IgE decreased.

Objective To investigate the value of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in the prediction of hypertension in middle-aged men with prehypertension.Methods A total of 2580 middle-aged (35 to 55 years old ) prehypertensive individuals who underwent health check-up during September 2006 and December 2007 in our hospital were recruited for this prospective cohort study.After a 4-year follow-up,2451subjects entered final analysis.Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the value of baPWV in the prediction of hypertension.Results(1) Two hundred and eight subjects (8.5％ )developed hypertension after 4-year follow-up study.( 2 ) At baseline,no significant differences of family history of hypertension,heart rate and total cholesterol were found between normotensive and hypertensive subjects (P ＞0.05 ).(3) Logistic regression analysis showed that in age-adjusted model (Model1),the odds ratio (OR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) of baPWV (140 cm/s) was 2.20 (1.78 to 2.62 )( P ＜0.01) ; while in multi-factor adjusted model ( Model 3 ),OR and 95c％c CI of baPWV was I.49 (1.15 to 1.73) (P ＜ 0.01).(4) Subjects were stratified by quartiles of baPWV at baseline.OR and 95％ CI of hypertension in those of highest quartile was higher than those of lowest quartile ( Model1:OR =10.9,95％CI 5.1-22.7,P＜0.01; Model 3:0R=2.6,95％CI1.2 -6.1,P＜0.05).Conclusion baPWV could be an independent predictor of hypertension among prehypertensive populations.

Objective To investigate the effect of propofol on the secretory function of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells of rats.Methods The rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells cultured in vitro were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 1×1010 cells/ml and divided into 5 groups (n=12 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),different concentrations of propofol groups (P1 and P2 groups),and different concentrations of etomidate groups (E1 and E2 groups).Propofol was added with the final concentrations of 30 and 100 μmol/L in P1 and P2 groups,respectively.Etomidate was added with the final concentrations of 4 and 40 μmol/L in EI and E2 groups,respectively.The cells were then incubated for 10 min in an incubator at 37 ℃.At the end of incubation with drugs,6 wells in each group were selected,and physiological salt solution 200 μl was added;another 6 wells in each group were selected,and high K+ physiological salt solution was added.[3 H] PSS and [3 H] K+-PSS were measured by [3 H] norepinephrine release assays.Results Compared with group C,[3 H] K+-PSS and [3 H] K+-PSS/PSS were significantly decreased in P1,P2 and E2 groups (P＜0.05),and no significant changes were found in [3H] K+-PSS and [3H] K+-PSS/PSS in group E1 (P＞0.05).Compared with group P1,[3 H] K+-PSS and [3 H] K+-PSS/ PSS were significantly decreased in group P2 (P＜0.05).Conclusion Propofol can inhibit the secretory function of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells of rats in a concentration-dependent manner.

Aim To investigate the induction effect of ginsenoside Rc, Re, Rf and Rg1 on CYP1A1, and further validate the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in CYP1A1 expression. Methods Dual luciferase re-porter gene system was performed. Four kinds of gin-senoside were screened for aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by reporter assays, and TCDD as the positive control. Further with different concentrations of ginsen-oside Rc, Re, Rf and Rg1 treated on LS174T cells, RNA and total protein were extracted to detect the reg-ulating effect of ginsenosides on CYP1 A1 mRNA and protein expression with Real-time PCR and Western blot technology respectively. Results Reporter gene screening showed that the ginsenoside Rc, Re, Rf and Rg1 could activate AhR and had potential effects on the induction of CYP1A1 enzyme. Meanwhile, dose-de-pendent induction of the gene expression were observed in response to ginsenoside Rc, Re, Rf and Rg1 and the levels of CYP1 A1 protein expression were increased by ginsenoside Rc, Re, Rf and Rg1 in varying de-grees. Conclusion Ginsenoside Rc, Re, Rf and Rg1 can up-regulate the gene and protein expression of CYP1 A1 possibly via the AhR-mediated CYP1 A1 path-way.

Objective To evaluate the technical success rate,effectiveness and safety of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE)via the omental branch in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)with blood supply from the omental branch. Methods 45 patients with HCC fed by the omental branch who had undergone TACE were evaluated retrospectively.Results All patients had undergone several therapeutic procedures including TACE before the revelation of the blood supply from the omental branch,8 patients had a history of surgery of hepatic resection for HCC.45 patients had 48 tumors total,52 omental branches were observed angiographically,48 omental branches (9 2%)were successfully embolized.Stenosis or occlusion of the hepatic artery was observed in 37 patients(82%).The alpha fetoprotein (AFP)levels were reduced from 5.05－4 246.89 ng/mL(mean,1 748.52 ng/mL)before treatment to 3.78－1 048.32 ng/mL(mean,287.46 ng/mL)after TACE 4－6 weeks later.The tumors diminished in size in 32 patients,stabilized in 13 patients(29%),however,recurred 2－6 months (mean,3 months)after TACE.28 patients died after 6－18 months (mean,10 months),17 patients were alive for 3－32 months (mean,14 months),but tumor recurred in 8 patients.Severe complications were not observed in any patient.Conclusion TACE via the omental branch is safe,effective and had high technical success rate,it is important to embolize all the feeding arteries at the same time for reducing the recurrence rate.

The alterations in atherogenic index of plasma (AlP) in type 2 diabetic patients and their normoglycemic first-degree relatives (NFDR) were investigated, and the effects of Acarbose or Glimepiride on AIP in 99 type 2 diabetic patients were evaluated. Triglycerride (TG), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were analyzed, and Log (TG/HDL-C) was calculated as AIP in 62 type 2 diabetic patients and their 67 NFDR from 29 type 2 diabetic pedigrees and in 45 healthy controls without family histories of diabetes. Also analyzed were the same parameters in 99 type 2 diabetic patients before and after therapy with Acarbose or Glimepiride. The results revealed that diabetic patients and their NFDR had significantly higher AIP than did the controls, whereas no significant differences were seen between diabetic patients and their NFDR. Positive correlation of AIP between type 2 diabetic patients and their offspring were observed (r = 0.241, P < 0.05). After 8 weeks therapy with Acarbose, the AIP of type 2 diabetic patients was decreased significantly, and no differences were observed for AIP levels in Glimepiride group although the AIP was lower when compared with the untreated level. As a significant inverse correlation of small dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL) with AIP was confirmed, our data suggest that diabetic patients and their NFDR from type 2 diabetic pedigrees had significantly higher AIP than did controls; AIP could be decreased by therapy with Acarbose in type 2 diabetic patients; Glimepiride may bring potential benefit to type 2 diabetic patients by influencing sdLDL.
Acarbose ; therapeutic use ; Atherosclerosis ; blood ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Pedigree ; Sulfonylurea Compounds ; therapeutic use ; Triglycerides ; blood