In the development pathology physiology experiment teaching,we used the interactive teaching method to train the students’ability to solve problems and fully arouse their enthusiasm,and got good results in the pathophysiology experiment.

Objective To study clinical and histopathological features of high-risk small renal carcinoma and provide theoretical basis for the individualized treatment.Methods This retrospective study analyzed the clinical and histological data of 21 patients of high-risk small renal cell carcinomas which were highly aggressive or advanced stage, admitted from Jan 2000 to July 2015.There were 15 males and 6 females,and the average age was (61.5 ±7.1) years (ranged 27 to 75 years).The mean diameter of tumors was 3.3cm (ranged 2.0 to 4cm).The study mainly focused on pathological character and stage, Fuhrman grading, existence of perirenal tissue or vascular invasion, venous embolus and distant metastasis.Results Of all these 21 cases, 17 cases were clear cell carcinomas, 1 was papillary carcinoma, 2 were hybrid cellular tumor ( malignant rhabdoid tumor and sarcomatoid carcinoma) and 1 was sarcomatoid carcinoma. Among the 17 clear cell carcinoma cases, 12 were Fuhrman grade Ⅱ, 5 were grade Ⅲ and one was gradeⅣ.Tumor infiltrated renal vein or its branches and renal vein embolus were found in 7 cases.The tumor infiltrated perirenal or renal sinus fat were found in 11 cases.Synchronous lung and local lymph nodes metastasis were found in 3 patients respectively.Moreover, there was 1 case with metastasis to the brain (FuhrmanⅣ).The final clinical stage were T3a N0M0 in 14,T1a N1M0 in 3 and T1a N0M1 in 4 cases. Conclusions Small renal tumors are heterogeneous in its biological behavior and the minorities are aggressive with infringement of perirenal fat or simultaneous local lymph node or distant metastasis.When the tumor is greater than 3.0 cm in diameter and with high grade in Fuhrman classification, sarcomatoid carcinoma are more likely to be highly aggressive and advanced stage.

Objective:To explore the possible role and clinical significance of Th1 and Th2 class cytokines in the pathogenesis of re-current aphthous ulcer (RAU).Methods:35 cases with RAU,25 of minor RAU(MiRAU)and 1 0 of major RAU(MaRAU),were enrolled and 24 healthy subjects served as the controls.The expression levels of Th1 type cytokines (IFN-γ,TNF-α,IL-2)and Th2 type cytokines (IL-4,IL-6,IL-1 0)in the serum of peripheral blood were investigated by flow cytometry CBA methods and their rela-tionship with the clinical features of RAU was analyzed by SPSS 1 1 .5.Results:The expression level of IL-4 and IL-1 0 in MiRAU group was higher than that in the controls(P <0.05),and the expression level of IFN-γ,IL-4 and IL-1 0 in MaRAU group was higher than that in the controls(P <0.05).The expression level of IFN-γand IL-1 0 in MaRAU was higher than that in MiRAU.There was a positive correlation between the levels of IFN-γ,IL-4,IL-1 0 and the severity of RAU.Conclusion:Predominant Th2 immune re-sponse plays a role in RAU,and the level of IFN-γ,IL-4 and IL-1 0 is correlated with the severity of RAU.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the curative effect and safety of dexamethasone for severe asthma and severe sepsis systematically. METHODS:Randomized controlled trials about dexamethasone for severe asthma and severe sepsis were retrieved from database,such as Cochrane library(1996～2007),PubMed(1966～2007),EMCC(1995～2007),CHKD(1994～2007)and pertinent literatures. The qualities of included studies were evaluated and extracted data were analyzed by Meta-analysis respectively. RESULTS:11 trials containing 1 435 cases were up to included standard. Therapy results of severe asthma:(1)in remission rate of the total symptom,difference between dexamethasone and prednisone was not statistically significant [OR 1.44,95%CI(0.75, 2.75);P=0.27];(2)In the incidence rate of ADR,dexamethasone was lower than prednisone [OR 0.13,95%CI(0.04,0.44);P= 0.001];(3)In the recurrence rate,no statistical significance was noted in difference between dexamethasone and prednisone [OR 0.58,95%CI(0.25,1.31);P=0.19]. Therapy results of severe sepsis:(1)In the mortality,difference between dexamethasone and placebo was not statistically significant [OR 0.85,95%CI(0.41,1.78);P=0.67];(2)In the incidence rate of ADR,no statistical significance was noted in difference between hydrocortisone and placebo [OR 1.05,95%CI(0.51,2.19);P=0.89]. CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone is similar to prednisone in the treatment of severe asthma but better than prednisone in drug safety. The safety of dexamethasone is similar to placebo in the treatment of severe sepsis.

ObjectiveTo investgate the effects of pyruvate sodium on energy metabolism of erythrocytes in dog blood during circulation in cardiopulmonary bypass machine.MethodsTen healthy adult mongrel dogs of both sexes weighing 12-18 kg were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 2.5％ pentobarbital 25 mg/kg.Femoral artery was cannulated and 500 ml of blood was collected from femoral artery in each dog.Blood samples from the 10 dogs were divided into 2 equal parts (250 ml each).Each part was mixed with 250 ml lactated Ringer's solution (group C) or 250 ml pyruvate sodium (group P).Flow rate of 4 L/min was employed and blood temperature was kept at 30-32 ℃ during circulation in cardiopulmonary bypass machine.The blood sanples were collected before (baseline value,T1 ) and at 30,60,90,120 min of circulation (T2-5) for determination of ATP,ADP and AMP concentrations in RBC.ResultsThe ATP and AMP concentrations were significantly higher at T2-5,while ADP concentration was higher in group P than in group C.ConclusionPyruvate sodium can improve energy metabolism of erythrocytes in dog blood druing circulation in cardiopulmary bypass machine.

From September of 2006,Department of Pathophysiology opened laboratory to the undergraduates of 2004 grade.Stu- dents chose titles and designed experiments by themselves,and after expert teachers' assessment,they put them into practice. Functional Laboratory of the college is in charge of the oprtation and administration of it.Through this semester's practice and exploration,we got satisfactory effect and great welcome from students.

Talk teaching is an effective form of teaching research activity.It focuses on the teachers,teaching ideas and their abilities of curriculum development,curriculum designing and teaching practice.It is of great significance in optimizing pathophysiologic teaching,improving the teaching effect and teachers'quality.It is worth discussing and promoting.Talk teaching should be the basic skill necessary to the teachers of basic medicine.

Objective To study the genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV)infection in female anus and anal canal condylo-ma acuminata(CA)tissues and their clinical significance.Methods 23 kinds of HPV-DNA were extracted from the paraffin-embed-ded anus and anal canal tissue samples in 140 cases of female CA and detected by using PCR combined with the gene-chips tech-nique.Furthermore the related clinical pathological data of the patients were analyzed.Results Among 140 female anus and anal ca-nal CA tissue samples,103 cases were HPV positive and the total HPV infection rate was 73.57%(103/140).Among them,68 ca-ses were single type HPV infection,the positive detection rate was 48.57%(68/140)and 35 cases were multiple types HPV infec-tion,the positive detection rate was 25.00% (35/140).In single type HPV infection,34 cases were HPV11 and the positive detec-tion rate was 24.29% (34/140),HPV11 was the main infection type,followed by HPV 6 in 27 cases,its positive detection rate was 19.29%(27/140).In the multiple types HPV infection,13 cases were HPV 6 + 11,accounting for 37.14% (13/35 )of multiple types infection,followed by HPV11 +18 in 3 cases and HPV 6+11+16 in 3 cases,each accounting for 8.57%(3/35)of the multi-ple types infection.Conclusion HPV 6,11 ,6+11,11 +18 and 6+11+16 are the main infection genotypes in female anus and anal canal CA.PCR combined with the gene-chips technique is a diagnostic method more suitable for clinical development of HPV geno-typing detection,which has high sensitivity and good specificity and is especially suitable for the molecular epidemiology study of HPV infection.

Purpose To compare the distribution of 23 kinds of human papillomavirus ( HPV) genotypes in tissues of condyloma acu-minata ( CA) of cervix in 120 women and its clinical significance. Methods Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) and gene-chips tech-nology were utilized for the detection of 23 kinds of HPV genotypes in tissue specimens from 120 cases of CA in cervix and related ma-terials of all subjects were conducted and analyzed. Results There were 115 positive cases in 120 women with CA in cervix and the rate of total HPV infection was 95. 83% (115/120). The rate of single type was 70. 83% (85/120) and multiple types was 25. 00%(30/120). The predominant type of single infection was HPV11 and the infective rate was 45. 00% (54/120), followed by HPV6 (22. 50%, 27/120). Otherwise, the predominant type of multiple infections was HPV6+11 with the infective rate of 20. 00% (6/30), and HPV11+16 infection accounted for 10. 00% (3/30). Conclusions HPV11, 6, 6+11 and 11+16 are the main genotypes in the pathogenesis of CA in cervix in 120 women. PCR and gene-chip technology can detect single and multiple HPV genotyping in tis-sues of CA in cervix with high sensitivity and specificity. Detection of HPV genotypes could be used to understand the prevalence situa-tion of HPV infection in tissues of CA and tumors of cervix and further to provide references for the research and development of HPV vaccine in women.

Objective To compare the distribution situation of human papillomavirus(HPV)infective genotypes in normal cells and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance(ASC-US)in uterine cervix and its clinical significance.Methods The pol-ymerase chain reaction(PCR)combined with the gene-chips technology were adopted to detect 23 kinds of HPV genotype from 1 000 cases of normal cells specimens and 229 cases of ASC-US specimens.Results 106 cases of HPV-positive infection were de-tected from 1 000 cases of normal cells with the total HPV infection rate of 10.60%(106/1 000),in which the single genotype in-fection rate was 9.30%(93/1 000)and the multiple genotypes infection rate was 1.30%(13/1 000);116 cases of HPV-positive in-fection were detected from 229 cases of cervial ASC-US specimens with the total HPV positive rate was 50.66% (116/229 ),in which the single genotype infection rate was 34.06%(78/229)and the multiple genotypes infection rate was 16.59%(38/229).The total HPV positive rates,single and multiple genotype infection had statistically significantly differences between the two groups(P<0.05).Conclusion The HPV types 16,18,33,42,43,52,58 are the predominant genotypes in normal cervical cells and ASC-US. PCR combined with the gene-chip technology can be used in the HPV genotype detect in cervical cells,conduces to perform the fur-ther distribution management on ASC-US and has the important significance to prevention and control of cervical cancer.