Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are promising fields that will enable personalized therapy. However, one of the most important issues to be conquered in the practice of personalized medicine is the translation of scientific discoveries into better therapeutic outcomes. The international pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic approaches made in the field of personalized medicine and drug discovery are summarized in this review.

CYP3A plays central roles in the oxidative and reductive metabolism of a variety of enogenous as well as exogenous compounds, it is very important to study about regulation of CYP3A geneexpression. This article reviews the recent development of molecular mechanism of regulation of CYP3A gene expression and CYP3A mutation. The relationships between CYP3A mutant and some diseases are also introduced.

Cbf?1 gene encodes an osteoblast specific transcription factor that regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. The Cbf?1 gene contains 9 exons, however, the alternative splicing of its exons leads to genesis of multiple Cbf?1 isoforms with differences in transactivation potentials. Several signal transduction pathways, such as Ras MAPK pathway, cAMP pathway, or Smads DPC4 pathway, are involved in regulating Cbf?1 activity or its expression. These studies open new doors in pharmacological control of bone formation and gene or cell therapy of slowing the progression of osteoporosis.

Modern pharmacogenomics demonstrates that genetic polymorphisms account for the most important factor of adverse drug reactions and interindividual variations of drug therapy. Personalized medicine aims to choose the appropriate drugs and dosage for increasing the efficacy and safety with minimal adverse effects based on the patients' genotypes. This article introduce the progresses in pharmacogenomics in China, discusse many factors that influence the application of personalized medicine from bench to bedside, and highlighted the challenges and further development of this field in the future.

With the development of chemical analysis technology and data processing technology,metabonomics has become the important method in functional genomics study.In this paper,the definition and advangtages of metabonomics are provided.The implication of metabolomics in pharmacology are summarized and future perspectives are discussed.

CYP2A6 is an important drug metabolic enzyme that plays a central role in pharmacology and toxicology.Coumarin and nicodine are mainly metabolized by it.CYP2A6 also have a close connection with diseases that related to smoking.While hnRNP A1 is a protein that shows an important regulative action on some specific genes at post-transcription level.Recently,researchers are paying more and more attention to the relationship between the activity of CYP2A6 and the expression of hnRNPA1.In order to master the change rule of CYP2A6 activity,we try to explain the regulative effect on CYP2A6 by hnRNP A1 at post-transcription level,which will bring an important effect on guiding clinical medicine treatments and smoking addictive therapy.

Vitamin D receptor(VDR) is a steroid hormone. VDR may regulate the gene expressions and activities of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and p-glycoprotein(p-gp) when it combines with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamine D31,25-(OH)2D3 or lithocholic acid (LCA), which exert important roles in the regulation of human biological function.

The extent to which sex influence CYP activity remains unclear in humans. Estrogen have widespread biologic actions especially estradiol , it can be used in ERT and Oral contraceptives. What is the effect of estrogen on drug metabolism and transport? If estrogen can regulate the genes of drug metabolism and transport,what is the mechanism.

CYP2C9 is an important enzyme of drug metabolism expressed in liver, It can metabolize several clinically important drugs, some with a low therapeutic index. This review summarizes the CYP2C9 gene structure, induction mechanism, known polymorphism and functional significances and their population frequencies.

For many years, researches on Cytochrome P450 had been focused on their roles in exogenous drugs and poisons metabolism. In fact, Cytochrome P450 also showed significant importance in conversion of endogenous materials, such as steroids, cholesterol, hormones, fatty acid and vitamins. Among such Cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP2J2 mainly metabolizing arachidonic acids into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, was detected recently in human beings. The association of CYP2J2 with diseases attracts many researchers great interests. This article briefly summarized those researches of homo sapiens CYP2J2 on its distribution, physical significance, coding gene and mutants of gene as well.