MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that function as posttranscriptional gene regulators by base-pairing with their target mRNAs where they either repress translation or direct destructive cleavage.Recent evidences have shown that miRNAs were aberrantly expressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)compared with normal thyroid tissue,indicating that they may play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of PTC.Some deregulated miRNAs might potentially be adjunct markers in the preoperative diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Vitamin D receptor(VDR) is a steroid hormone. VDR may regulate the gene expressions and activities of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and p-glycoprotein(p-gp) when it combines with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamine D31,25-(OH)2D3 or lithocholic acid (LCA), which exert important roles in the regulation of human biological function.

HH 4R, a novel histamine receptor, was found in recent years. HH 4R posses unique pharmacological character and special tissue distribution,which has high homology compared with the H 3 receptor.In this article,we review various aspects of HH 4R,such as gene formation, tissue distribution, homologous analysis, signal transduction pathway, histamine ligand affinity,and so on, and preview future study on HH 4R.

Warfarin is one of the most widely used anticoagulants in clinical setting.There are great interindividual differences in both therapeutic efficacy and dose requirement,which greatly limits its application in clinic.This article summarizes the influence of genetic factors on interindividual and interethnic differences of warfarin,providing sufficient guidance for personalized medicine.

Fluoxetine is a relatively novel class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with antidepressant properties. It seems to facilitate serotonergic transmission via down regulation of presynaptic inhibitory autoreceptors, with no effect on muscarinic receptors and doubtful effects on ? adrenergic receptors. Fluoxetine is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes. It has been shown that CYP2C9、CYPD6, and CYP2C19 are major CYP isoforms responsible for the N demethylation of fluoxetine. Since both fluoxetine and its main metabolite norfluoxetine are the inhibitors of CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, there are some drug drug interactions of fluoxetine with other drugs for metabolism by those CYP isoenzymes, which results in interindividual differences in the pharmacokinetics and efficacy.

Neuromyelitis optica ( NMO) is an idiopathic autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system ( CNS) that predominantly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord.It is especially common in Asia. An association between NMO and other autoimmune diseases has been frequently reported, which is different from multiple sclerosis( MS) ,this phenomenon may due to different genetic background between these two diseases.There are reports on different populations to make this clear,which showed human leukocyte antigen( HLA) class II distribu-tion was unique entity different between NMO and MS or healthy controls,this would be a great help to make clear the mechanism underlying NMO pathogenesis.

Objective To investigate the protective effect and its mechanism of prescription Zu Zhong 1 Hao (a traditional Chinese medical prescription, including Astragalus membranaceus, Atractylodes macrocephala, Arisaema cure Bile, Rhizoma pinelliae, the seed of Prunus persiea , Angelica sinensis , Ligusticum Chuanxiong, Paeonia lactiflora , and Pueraria ,etc) pretreatment on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operation, ischemia-reperfusion, flunarizine and prescription Zu Zhong 1 Hao low-, medium-and high-dose groups (n=10 in each group). A rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was induced by suture method (ischemia for 3 hours followed by reperfusion for 24 hours). Nitric oxide (NO) was measured by the nitrate reductase method; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was assessed by the xanthine oxidase method; maiondialde-hyde (MDA) was determined by the thiobarbiturie acid method; and tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-α) was detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results Prescription Zu Zhong 1 Hao significantly improved neurological deficits in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats, reduced the content of NO and MDA in brain tissue, increased SOD activity, and down-regulated the expression of TNF-α. Among them, the role of the high-dose group was more significant (P<0. 01). There were also significant differences between the low-and medium-dose groups and the ischemia-reperfusion group (P<0. 05). Conclusions The pretreatment of prescription Zu Zhong 1 Hao has the protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and its mechanism may be associated with the decreased content of NO and MDA in brain tissue, increased SOD activity, and down-regulated TNF-α expression.

0 05) Under the same treatment concentration of rsFasL or granzyme B, percentage in TUNEL positive staining and Caspase 3 activity in the experimental group were much lower than those in the control group ( P

Objective:To investigate the effect of vacant capsules made from hydroxypropyl starch on the content of spironolac-tone. Methods:The spironolactone capsules were placed under the conditions with (4 000 ± 500) lx, 40℃ and RH (75 ± 5) % for 5 days and 10 days, respectively. An HPLC method was used to analyze the content of spironolactone, and the changes in appearance, color and the other traits were also observed. Results:The content of spironolactone was within the range of 93. 45%-100. 37% after the above tests, which was conformed to the standard(93. 0%-107. 0%). Conclusion:The vacant capsules made from hydroxypropyl starch rival have good compatibility with spironolactone.

With the development of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics,pharmacoepigenetics potentially offers another level of explanation for interindividual variations in drug response that cannot be accounted for on the basis of genetic polymorphisms.Many genes encoding enzymes,drug transporters,transcription factors,drug targets,and nuclear receptors are under epigenetic control,which has implications in the context of interindividual variations in drug response as well as drug resistance during cancer treatment.In this overview,we summarize the newest advancement in this field.