Objective To evaluate the effects of postconditioning with enalapril on myocardial injury induced by hind limb ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Thirty-six healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =12 each):group sham operation (group S),group I/R and group enalapril postconditioning (group EP).Limb ischemia was induced by occlusion of bilateral hind limbs for 3 h followed by 3 h reperfusion in groups I/R and EP.At 30 min before reperfusion,enalapril 0.04 mg/kg was injected via the internal jugular vein in group EP,while the equal volume of normal saline was injected in groups S and I/R.The rats were sacrificed at 3 h of repeffusion and myocardial specimens were obtained for microscopic examination of pathologic changes and for determination of cell apoptosis,Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in myocardial tissues.Apoptosis index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,apoptosis index and MDA content were significantly increased,Bax protein expression was up-regulated,Bcl-2 protein expression was down-regulated,and SOD activity was decreased in groups I/R and EP (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group I/R,apoptosis index and MDA content were significantly decreased,Bax protein expression was down-regulated,Bcl-2 protein expression was up-regulated,and SOD activity was increased in group EP (P ＜ 0.05).The pathologic changes were significantly attenuated in group EP as compared with group I/R.Conclusion Enalapril postconditioning can attenuate myocardial injury induced by hind limb I/R in rats,and the mechanism may be related to reduction of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes and lipid peroxidation.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of adult's chronic constipation in Tianjin city and to find out its associated pathogenetic factors. Methods During Aug. 2002 to Mar. 2003 the survey of chronic constipation in 7220 subjects aged≥18 in different part of the city and countryside were carred out by nine hospitals based on the clustering, randomly stratified sampling method. There were 118 items investigated in this survey including the possible factors associabed with pathogenesis of chronic constipation. The data were analyzed by Logistic regression. Results The prevalence of chronic constipation was 11.6% in total of 7220 cases which was significantly higher in females than in male(13.4% vs 9.7%, P =0.000) . The prevalence of chronic constipation increased with growing of age and related with occupation, exercises, psychological pressure, the habit of intake food and water. In addition,the chronic constipation was associated with reflux esophagitis and chronic gastritis. Conclusion The measures of changing life style, drinking more water, taking more vegetables and having a good habit of bowel evacuation may decrease the prevalence of chronic constipation.

Medical parasitology education has been facing some difficulties because it is a course of wide range lacking clini?cal cases and concerned specimens of parasites currently. In addition its relationship with life is not closely enough. All these reasons may impact the effect of class education negatively. Therefore it is important to increase the vitality of parasitology edu?cation and diversify the instructional mode by using the resources from Internet. In recent years the Discovery Channel has up?loaded a documentary Monsters Inside Me online. This documentary is high professional and closely linked with parasitology. It maintains numbers of clinical cases about parasitic diseases. Each episode is about 3 minutes and shortly enough to be intro?duced into class teaching. However this resource has not been fully used in domestic temporally. We found that direct introduc?tion of the documentary into class teaching can enrich teaching forms to attract learning interest of students and finally improve the teaching effect of class. Above that another popular documentary A Bite of China involves many related knowledge points of parasitology. The appropriate usage of the knowledge can build up close linkage between book and life which is extremely help?ful to give students a deep impression of parasitology. In brief it is our strong recommendation to introduce the documentary Monsters Inside Me into class.