Objective We detected the expression of the low risk HPV6/11 and the high risk HPV16/18 in cervical lesions in order to investigate the correlativity,mechanism and clinical values between them.Methods We chosed 150 cases of cervical disease tissues that included chronic cervicitis (30 cases).cervieal condyloma without atypia(30 cases),CIN Ⅰ(30 cases),CIN Ⅲ(30 cases)and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (30 cases).And all of them were constructed into tissue microarrays(TMA)that include 300 spots.Then,the expression of HPV6/11 and HPV16/18 were determined by in situ hybridization.Results The positive expression rates of HPV6/11 were 13.33%,90%,33.33%,0 and 0 respectively in chronic cervicitis,cervical condyloma without atypia,CIN Ⅰ,CIN Ⅲ and cervical squamous cell carcinoma.Condyloma showed significantly higher HPV6/11 infection rates than the other groups(P＜0.001).And there were obvious dliference between CIN Ⅰ and CIN Ⅲ & carcinoma (P=0.001.＜0.05).The spearman correlation analysis suggested that the expression of HPV6/11 in the five cervical deseases was negative correlation (rs=-0.037,P＜0.001).The positive rates of HPV16/18 were 0,6.67%,10%.56.67%.76.67% respectively in chronic cervicitis,cervical condyloma without atypia,CIN Ⅰ,CIN Ⅲ and cervical squamous cell carcinoma.Comparing CIN Ⅲ and carcinoma with the other groups,the positive rates were obvious defrerence between them (P＜0.001).But there was not significant defference between CIN Ⅲ and carcinoma (P=0.10).The spearman correlation analysis suggested that the expression of HPV16/18 in the five cervical deseases was positive correlation (rs=0.628,P＜0.001).Conclusion Low risk HPV6/11 is a main reason for the cervical condyloma and CIN Ⅰ.High risk HPV16/18 is closely related with CIN Ⅲ and carsinoma.and also a main reason for CIN Ⅲ and carcinoma.Detecting and differentiating HPV type will help for the diagnosis and monitor of cervical lesions,especially,it will be very important to prophylaxis,early diagnosis and early therapy of cervical carcinoma.

Recent studies have found that peptide therapies tar-geting specific epitopes can avoid nonspecific immune suppres-sion induced by traditional medicines for the treatment of autoim-mune diseases, and have shown great therapeutic effect in ani-mal models of autoimmune diseases and clinical trials. The pa-per summaries the research progress and trends of peptide drugs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases from candidate peptide sources and their suppression mechanisms, which can provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth understanding of immune toler-ance and allow for discovery of new treatment for autoimmune diseases.

Considerable attention has been directed toward studying the impact of diabetes on the central nervous system. The current study investigates the biochemical changes in the brain tissue of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS). The 31P NMR spectra of the whole brain show no significant changes of phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters levels one week after STZ induction, suggesting no apparent structural changes in cell membranes. The results identifies the increased level of adenosine diphosphate, negligible changes of phosphocreatine ( PCr ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP) , but the decreased ratio of PCr/ATP, indicating that PCr plays a role of balancing the energy. Moreover, the decreased pH value indicates the changes of the intracellular environment in STZ-diabetic brains in rats. After 15 weeks of STZ injection, the metabolism of phospholipid membrane and brain energy metabolism has been obviously disturbed. Our study successfully shows that 31 P MRS can not only study phospholipid and energy metabolism non-invasively, but also measure intracellular pH and other important biochemical information. All of these spectroscopic characterizations contribute significantly to the understanding of pathogenesis and evolution of diabetes, and provide theoretical basis for early diagnosis and clinical treatment in diabetes.

Mitochondria are the main site of energy metabolism within cells,generating a substantial amount of ATP to supply energy to the human body.Research has shown that alterations in mitochondrial structure and function exist in individuals with schizophrenia,suggesting their potential impact on the onset of psychiatric disorders and clinical treatment efficacy.Therefore,understanding the research progress on the genetic mechanisms,pathological processes,image manifestations of schizophrenia and mitochondrial quality control,and summarizing the relevant evidence of mitochondrial-related targets as potential therapeutic targets for schizophrenia,can provide references for further research.

Alveolar bone is an important anatomic basis for implant-supported denture restoration, and its different degrees of defects determine the choices of bone augmentation surgeries. Therefore, the reconstruction of alveolar bone defects is an important technology in the clinical practice of implant restoration. However, the final reconstructive effect of bone quality, bone quantity and bone morphology is affected by many factors. Clinicians need to master the standardized diagnosis and treatment principles and methods to improve the treatment effect and achieve the goal of both aesthetic and functional reconstruction of both jaws. Based on the current clinical experience of domestic experts and the relevant academic guidelines of foreign counterparts, this expert consensus systematically and comprehensively summarized the augmentation strategies of alveolar bone defects from two aspects: the classification of alveolar bone defects and the appropriate selection of bone augmentation surgeries. The following consensus are reached: alveolar bone defects can be divided into five types (Ⅰ-0, Ⅰ-Ⅰ, Ⅱ-0, Ⅱ-Ⅰ and Ⅱ-Ⅱ) according to the relationship between alveolar bone defects and the expected position of dental implants. A typeⅠ-0 bone defect is a bone defect on one side of the alveolar bone that does not exceed 50% of the expected implant length, and there is no obvious defect on the other side; guided bone regeneration with simultaneous implant implantation is preferred. Type Ⅰ-Ⅰ bone defects refer to bone defects on both sides of alveolar bone those do not exceed 50% of the expected implant length; the first choice is autologous bone block onlay grafting for bone increments with staged implant placement or transcrestal sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant implantation. Type Ⅱ-0 bone defects show that the bone defect on one side of alveolar bone exceeds 50% of the expected implant length, and there’s no obvious defect on the other side; autologous bone block onlay grafting (thickness ≤ 4 mm) or alveolar ridge splitting (thickness > 4 mm) is preferred for bone augmentation with staged implant placement. Type Ⅱ-Ⅰ bone defects indicate that the bone plate defect on one side exceeds 50% of the expected implant length and the bone defect on the other side does not exceed 50% of the expected implant length; autologous bone block onlay grafting or tenting techniques is preferred for bone increments with staged implant implantation. Type Ⅱ-Ⅱ bone defects are bone plates on both sides of alveolar bone those exceed 50% of the expected implant length; guided bone regeneration with rigid mesh or maxillary sinus floor elevation or cortical autologous bone tenting is preferred for bone increments with staged implant implantation. This consensus will provide clinical physicians with appropriate augmentation strategies for alveolar bone defects.