Objective To observe the morphology of thoracolumbar spinal nerve roots and their surrounding structures, in order to find out their anatomical relationship and to improve surgical procedures as well as to reduce the operative injury and complications. Methods 16 adult cadavers were studied anatomically. The diameters of spinal nerve roots from T10 to L3 at the outlet of intervertebral foramen, the percentages of the distance from spinal nerve roots to the upper border of corresponding vertebral bodies in vertebral height, the angles between spinal nerve roots with lateral border of vertebrae were measured and analyzed. The surgical incision and procedure for the treatment of thoracolumbar fracture were designed and applied in 58 patients of thoracolumbar injury. Results The diameters of spinal nerve roots increased gradually from T10 to L3 in the intervertebral foramen. The percentages of the distance from spinal nerve roots to the upper border of vertebrae in vertebral height gradually became larger too. The angles between spinal nerve roots with vertebral bodies diminished gradually. Around intervertebral foramen, the pattern of spinal nerves and blood vessels was arranged in order as vein, nerve and artery from above down below. The nerves and vessels extended out of the intervertebral foramen together. In clinical practice, 58 cases of thoracolumbar injury were surgically treated with traditional anterior approach and "renal" incision in 35 cases, and with modified anterior approach in "┑" shape in 23 cases. Prior to the modification of surgical techniques, the mean amount of blood loss was 670 ml, the mean operation time was 199 min; however, by the modification of surgical procedures, the mean amount of blood loss decreased to 435 ml, and the mean operation time reduced to 137 min. In an average follow-up of 9 months, the spine recovered to normal curvature and alignment in all cases; the fusion rate was 100%; no failure of implant occurred; neurological function was improved at least one grade in 94.5%. Conclusion Modified anterior approach is helpful to reduce operative injuries and complications. It makes surgical manipulation feasible comparing to the traditional approach.

Objective To explore the clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) combined with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and cerebral thrombosis in a child. Method The clinical data of SLE combined with APS and cerebral thrombosis in a child was retrospectively analyzed, and the related literature was reviewed. Results This was a 12-year-old boy. The disease onset with recurrent fever, confusion and rash in cheek. He had anemia and thrombocytopenia, and positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anticardiolipin antibody (aCL). Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple cerebral infarction. The diagnosis of SLE combined with APS and cerebral thrombosis was clearly made. Methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, warfarin, meropenem and acyclovir were used for the treatment. At the same time, the patient also received intravenous immunoglobulin. Conclusion SLE combined with APS and cerebral thrombosis in children was usually in a severe condition, the prognosis of which can be effectively improve by early diagnosis and reasonable treatment.

Public hospital reform is the key to medical reform in China, and it is found that there is an obvious effect boundary between the zero margin drug profit and adjustment of medical service price reform, after looking back to progresses in these years.Mainly because it is not reasonable to cut off and change the internal motivation of supplier-induced demand, by the above two polices, It is of great concern to arouse medical staff''s enthusiasm about public hospital reform, by adjusting the remuneration system of the public hospital, which is also the most deep-seated mechanism problem of Public hospital reform.Starting from the overall policy framework of Public hospital reform in Sanming city, this study illuminates the inherent logic and margin of effect between the policies of reform of physicians'' remuneration system.From the analysis, it has been realized that physicians'' compensation system is the logic foundation of deep-rooted institutional problem.The present study draws a conclusion that it is not realistic to make great achievement by one or more policies.Meanwhile, it is rational to reach consensus on key links and progress of reform, by the deep understanding and analysis of public policy integrality.

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics and risk factors of extended stay over 30 days at tertiary comprehensive hospitals, and explore methods of shortening average length of stay(LOS).Methods Homepage of all inpatients discharged from October 2014 to October 2015 of 31 tertiary comprehensive hospitals in Shanxi province were collected.39 234 cases of these inpatients stayed over 30 days and their case information was complete.A generalized linear model was used for risk factors analysis.Results With the extension of LOS, most of the inpatients with extended stay were found during their 30th-40th days, accounting for 50.21% of all and constituting the highest daily costs as well.The ratio of inpatients decreases with their LOS, and its distribution presents a positive skew in entirety.Distribution of inpatients over 30 days identified urban employees under medical insurance accounting for the highest ratio among all payment categories,and those from the department of orthopedics for the highest ratio among all departments, while those of diseases from injury and poisoning accounting for the highest ratio among all disease categories.The findings indicated ten important factors for extended stay, namely gender, medical payment category, ICD, inter-department transfer, nosocomial infection, and clinical pathway.Conclusions To strengthen management of specific departments and inpatients, focus on key process of medical quality, and accelerate medical insurance payment reform can effectively control extended stay.

Despite its clinical importance, the underlying central mechanisms of pruritic behaviors are poorly understood. To investigate the role of nociceptive arcuate nucleus neurons in chloroquine-induced pruritic behaviors in mice, we tested the effect of arcuate nucleus neurons and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) on itch produced by intradermal injection of chloroquine in the nape of the neck. Our results provide several lines of evidence for an important role of nociceptive arcuate nucleus neurons in chloroquine-induced pruritic behavior: (1) Intradermal microinjection of chloroquine resulted in a dramatic increase in itch behaviors accompanied by the activation of c-Fos positive neurons in arcuate nucleus; (2) Microinjection of chloroquine significantly increased IBAT temperature in the mice. These findings suggested that chloroquine-induced pruritic behaviors were associated with the activity of nociceptive arcuate nucleus neurons.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of pregnancy-associated plasmaprotein-A (PAPP-A) and GRACE risk score for death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (combined endpoint) in AMI patients.Methods All AMI patients hospitalized in our department during July 2011 to July 2015 were included consecutively in this prospective study.Plasma PAPP-A were measured at admission.GRACE risk score was acquired with the application of GRACE risk score calculator.Patients were followed up for at least 1 year for any nonfatal myocardial infarction or MACE.Kaplan Meier survival study was analysed according to PAPP-A and GRACE score risk stratification respectively.A cutoff value of 3.0 ng/ml of PAPP-A was chosen from pilot work in this cohort.Results A total of 220 patients were enrolled in the study.The death and nonfatal myocardial infarction during follow-up were significantly higher in patients with PAPP-A≥3.0 ng/ml compared to patients with PAPP-A<3.0 ng/ml (15.7% vs.6.0%, log-rank χ2=5.684, P=0.017).The area under ROC curve of PAPP-A was 0.796(95%CI 0.696-0.896, P<0.01) and the ROC curve of PAPP-A GRACE risk stratification was 0.715 (95%CI 0.567-0.863,P<0.01).Subgroup analysis showed that death and nonfatal myocardial infarction during follow-up was significantly higher in patients with PAPP-A≥3.0 ng/ml compared to patients with PAPP-A<3.0 ng/ml in intermediate and low risk group by GRACE risk stratifcation (log-rank χ2=14.63,P<0.001).Conclusions PAPP-A could predict mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with AMI.PAPP-A combined with GRACE risk score can better predict outcome than GRACE risk score alone in intermediate and low risk patients by GRACE risk stratifcation.

Despite its clinical importance, the underlying central mechanisms of pruritic behaviors are poorly understood. To investigate the role of nociceptive arcuate nucleus neurons in chloroquine-induced pruritic behaviors in mice, we tested the effect of arcuate nucleus neurons and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) on itch produced by intradermal injection of chloroquine in the nape of the neck. Our results provide several lines of evidence for an important role of nociceptive arcuate nucleus neurons in chloroquine-induced pruritic behavior: (1) Intradermal microinjection of chloroquine resulted in a dramatic increase in itch behaviors accompanied by the activation of c-Fos positive neurons in arcuate nucleus; (2) Microinjection of chloroquine significantly increased IBAT temperature in the mice. These findings suggested that chloroquine-induced pruritic behaviors were associated with the activity of nociceptive arcuate nucleus neurons.
Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Chloroquine ; adverse effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nociceptors ; drug effects ; physiology ; Pruritus ; chemically induced ; physiopathology

Objectives To investigate the effects of phytosterol intensive diet intervention on blood glucose, blood lipid and liver function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Methods Patients with NAFLD admitted to the department of endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University from January 2016 to June 2016 were recruited.We divided the groups according to the order of patient admission,with patients admitted from January to March who received conventional diabetes mellitus low-fat diet enrolled as control group,and patients admitted from April to June received extra phytosterol intensive diet on the basis of conventional diabetes mellitus diet as treatment group. The changes of blood glucose, blood lipid and liver function between two groups with a follow-up of six months before and after intervention were compared and analyzed. Results After intervention,the levels of fasting blood sugar(FPG)and blood glucose(2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol (TG), triglyceride (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of patients in control group(11.13 ± 3.17)mmol/L,(18.65 ± 6.21)mmol/L,(9.82 ± 1.69)%,(2.81 ± 1.43) mmol/L、(5.40 ± 1.14)mmol/L,77.27%(51/66),which were lower than those before intervention((8.51 ± 2.83)mmol/L,(10.39 ± 3.62)mmol/L,(7.78 ± 1.46)%,(2.18 ± 1.13)mmol/L,(4.99 ± 1.04)mmol/L, 90.91%(60/66),P<0.05,and FPG,2 hPG,HbA1c,TG,TC,LDL-C,ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the experimental group were(11.32 ± 3.64)mmol/L,(20.09 ± 4.83)mmol/L,(9.70 ± 2.12)%, (2.68 ± 1.74)mmol/L,(5.16 ± 1.10)mmol/L,(3.18 ± 0.92)mmol/L,(70.27)%(52/74),(86.49)%(64/74), which were significantly lower than those before intervention((7.37 ± 2.08)mmol/L,(9.20 ± 3.35)mmol/L, (6.75 ± 0.99)%,(1.86 ± 1.13)mmol/L,(4.69 ± 1.06)mmol/L,(2.67 ± 0.72)mmol/L, 91.89%(68/74), 98.65%(73/74), P<0.05, and the differences was statistically significant(t=4.584,9.329,7.349,2.823, 2.140,χ2=4.587, P<0.01 or 0.05 in control group;t=8.106,15.715, 10.826,3.393,2.651,3.755,P<0.01 in experimental group). The levels of FPG, 2 hPG and HbA1c were significantly lower in the experimental group compared with those in control group after intervention(P<0.05),and the positive-to-negative rate of fatty liver were found to be significantly higher (33.8%,25/74) than that (9.1%,6/66) in controls(P<0.05).There were not significantly differences in the level of TG,TC,high density lipoprotein(HDL-C), LDL-C, ALT and AST between the control group and experimental group(P>0.05). Conclusions Phytosterol intensive diet intervention can effectively reduce LDL-C,AST and the blood glucose level of type 2 diabetes patients with NAFLD, improving the positive-to-negative rate of fatty liver. Phytosterol intensive diet intervention can effectively reduce LDL-C, AST and the blood glucose level of type 2 diabetes patients with NAFLD,improve the positive-to-negative rate of fatty liver.

Beginning with an introduction to overseas practices of privilege management, this paper analyzed the current privilege management of medical qualifications in China. On such basis, the authors introduced their insights and specific recommendations for the design and implementation of such management in China. These include: a platform for privilege management, a classified catalogue for medical qualifications, a procedure for the application, approval, examination and dynamic management of the qualifications, and an informatization platform for privilege management.

Objective:To investigate whether in vitro cultured human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) express sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), assess their susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and analyze the role of NTCP during HBV infection. Methods:BMSCs were infected with HBV-positive serum under different conditions. HBV DNA load in cell culture supernatants as well as in BMSCs and the amount of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg) in cell culture supernatants were detected. To analyze the role of NTCP, BMSCs were first transfected with small interfering RNA targeting NTCP (NTCP-siRNA) and then infected with HBV-positive serum under different conditions. Virus loads and the amount of HBsAg and HBsAg were also detected. Western blot assay was performed to measure the expression of NTCP in BMSCs in each group.Results:In vitro cultured adherent BMSCs were susceptible to HBV infection albeit with a really low efficiency, but the infection efficiency was significantly increased when infecting the BMSCs in suspension. NTCP was expressed in BMSCs and the expression could be upregulated during HBV infection, especially in BMSCs in suspension. HBV infection was blocked when BMSCs were transfected with NTCP-siRNA. Conclusions:In vitro cultured human BMSCs were susceptible to HBV infection and the expressed NTCP served as a functional receptor for HBV. Human BMSCs could be used as a highly susceptible and stable cell model that needed no molecular adjuvant modification for research on the early stages of the HBV life cycle and for development of antiviral therapy.