AIM: To investigate whether carnosine can inhibit cataract formation and protect Na+-K+ATPase against inactivation induced by a glucocorticoid.METHODS: Two hundred and twenty clear lenses cultured in vitro were randomly divided into five groups: control group (DMEM), steroid group (DMEM+Dexamethason 10μmol/L),lower concentration carnosine-treated group (DMEM+Dexamethason 10μ mol/L+Carnosine 2mmol/L), higher concentration carnosine-treated group (DMEM+Dexamethason 10μmol /L+Carnosine 5mmol/L) and carnosine group (DMEM + Carnosine 5mmol/L). Progression of cataract formation was evaluated daily using a dissecting microscope. On 1, 3, 5 and 7d, 10lenses of every group were homogenized and the activity of Na+-K+ATPase was measured by using spectrophotometer.RESULTS: During the incubation, mistlike opacity was observed in the lenses of the control group and carnosine group,but in the steroid group appeared dense nuclear opacity, while both two carnosine-treated groups came out visible demarcation between nuclear and cortical regions on 7d. A decrease in the activity of Na+-K+ATPase was found in the lens of the steroid group. On 3, 5, 7d, Na+-K+ATPase activity decreased 22.34% (P=0.002),47.98% (P＜0.001),75.37% (P＜0.001) compared with that at 1d, respectively. In the carnosine group,the activity of Na+-K+ATPase remained at the level of the control throughout the 7-d incubation, indicating that carnosine itself did not interfere with the original lens enzyme activity. In the lower concentration carnosine-treated group, on 3, 5, 7d,the activity of Na+-K+ATPase increased 10.8% (P＜0.05),44.6% (P＜0.01), 57.4% (P＜0.01) of control activity, respectively. In the higher concentration carnosine-treated group, on 3, 5, 7d, the activity of Na+-K+ATPase increased 11.3% (P＜0.05), 45.7% (P＜0.01), 57.6% (P＜0.01) of control activity,respectively. The activity of Na+-K+ATPase in both two carnosine-treated groups were only 6.7% and 6.5% lower than that of the control group after 7-d incubation. After the 7-d incubation, the Na+-K+ATPase activity of the lenses in the steroid group decreased significantly compared with carnosine-treated groups (P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Carnosine prevents the cataract formation induced by a glucocorticoid, and significantly inhibits the inactivation of Na+-K+ATPase induced by a glucocorticoid.

Background C57BL/6andB10R Ⅲareroutinemurinespeciesusedinexperimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU).The inflammation is light for mouse after immunization whereas it is prominent for B10R Ⅲ.ObjectiveThis study was to observe the killing effect of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) 1-20-specific T cells on mouse retinal astrocyte.Th1 and Th17 cells effect in the EAU mechanism was discussed.MethodsB10RllⅢ mice and C57BL/6 mice were immunized with IRBP 161-180 and IRBP 1-20 in complete Freund adjuvant (CFA).The infiltrating cells of diseased B10R Ⅲ eyes were analyzed by flow cytometry.IRBP 1-20-specific T cells were isolated from the drainage lymph node and spleen and cultured in IL-2 or IL-23 for Th1 and Th17 cells polarization,respectively.Th1 and Th17 cells cultured for 5 days were seeded on the mouse retinal astrocyte monolayer pretreated with gamma interferon.Cell interaction was observed and the quantity of TNF-α was tested by ELISA.Every test was repeated 6 times and the mean was calculated.The maintenance of experimental animals complied with the Statement of ARVO.ResultsThere were lots of infiltrating cells in the eyes of B10Rm mice after immunization,including 9.5％ IFNγ+ cells,5.1％ IL-17+cells and 41.4％ CD45+ cells.Six days after IRBP1-20 stimulation and cultured by IL-2 and IL-23,44.0％ and 8.0％ cells were IFNγ+,and 1.0％ and 26.0％ cells were IL17+.Twentyfour hours after the interaction between Th1 or Th17 and retinal astrocyte,retinal astrocyte died and detached.The killing effect of Th17 was stronger than Th1.48 hours after co-culture of Th1 or Th17T cells with astrocytes,the concentrations of TNF-α were ( 500± 10 ) and ( 801 ±24 μg/L) μg/L,respectively,with a significant statistical difference (t =-20.36,P =0.00).ConclusionsBoth Th1 and Th17 can kill retinal astrocyte,but Th17 plays a key role in the EAU pathogenesis process.The killing effect is caused by intercellular contact and interaction under the induction of cytokines.

AIM: To assess the prevalence of refractive errors in middle school students in Lanzhou city and explore the risk factors for myopia.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A questionnaire assessed the students' socioeconomic background and visual tasks followed by visual acuity assessment and a full eye examination including slit lamp examination, fundus evaluation, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction.RESULTS: Among 2 256 enumerated students aged 15-19 years, 2 037 (90.3%) students had significant refractive errors. Myopia was the leading refractive error (1 951/2 256,86.5%), astigmatism was the second most common refractive error (921/2 256, 40.8%), but amblyopia (10/2 256, 0.4%),strabismus (5/2 256, 0.2%), hyperopia (4/2 256, 0.2%) and other treatable eye disorders were uncommon. Almost 95.3% of students with significant refractive errors wore spectacles before the survey. Age, sex, visual tasks, and a parental history of myopia were risk factors for myopia.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of refractive errors and the risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren in Lanzhou city are similar to those reported in other regions of China.Interventions of myopia progression should be performed to protect the visual acuity of school-aged students.

AIM: To observe the efficacy of Medpor porous polyethylene implants in treatment of enophthalmos combined with orbital fracture.
METHODS: Seventeen cases ( 17 eyes ) with enophthalmos caused by orbital fracture underwent surgical treatment with Medpor porous polyethylene implants. All accepted a 6-mo follow-up and the data of enophthalmos, eyeball movement and diplopia were collected.
RESULTS: The average difference of exophthalmos between damaged eyes and undamaged eyes was (3. 4±1. 5 ) mm preoperatively, two cases had residual 1mm enophthalmos 6mo after surgery, while other 15 cases were completely corrected. Seventeen cases suffered from eyeball movement restriction and diplopia preoperatively, 16 cases had normal eyeball movement without diplopia 6mo after surgery, 1 case with limitation of abduction and horizontal diplopia. There was no extrusion, rejection, infection or other complications occurred during follow-up.
CONCLUSION: Medpor porous polyethylene implants can effectively improve the orbit volume to repair enophthalmos caused by orbital fracture.

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and stability by comparing acuity and diopter of small incision lenticule extraction ( SMILE) , femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis ( FS-LASIK ) and laser in situ keratomileusis ( LASIK ) in treating myopia with a follow-up of 6mo.
METHODS: A retrospective study, 42 cases ( 84 eyes ) received SMILE, 37 cases ( 74 eyes ) received FS-LASIK and 31cases (62 eyes) undergone LASIK in our hospital during Apr. 2014 to Jun. 2014 were involved. The follow-up data of 6mo was analyzed. The preoperative spherical equivalent was -5. 91±1. 83D, -5. 89±1. 96D, -5. 88±1. 68D in SMILE, FS-LASIK and LASIK group, respectively. The differences of preoperative best corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) , pupil diameter ( PD ) and central corneal thickness ( CCT ) had no statistically significant between three groups. The postoperative uncorrected visual acuity ( UCVA) , BCVA and diopter were comparative analyzed at 1wk, 1, 3 and 6m after surgery.
RESULTS:1) No patients lost to follow-up of 1wk and 1mo. A total of 10 eyes (5 cases), 10 eyes (5 cases) and 8 eyes (4 cases) lost to follow-up of 3m in SMILE、FS-LASIK and LASIK group, respectively, and raised to 18 eyes (9 cases), 12 eyes (6 cases) and 14 eyes (7 cases) in follow-up of 6m. 2) At 1wk follow-up, the differences of UCVA between SMILE group, FS- LASIK group vs LASIK group was statistically significant respectively ( t=4. 098, P=0. 000;t=2. 493, P=0. 004). 3) In LASIK group, the differences of UCVA between 1wk vs 3, 6m follow-up was statistically significant respectively (t=3. 410, P=0. 001;t=3. 771, P=0. 000), the differences of UCVA between 1m and 6m follow-up was statistically significant (t=2. 283, P=0. 026). 4) The differences of diopter were not statistically significant among three groups at 1wk, 1, 3 and 6mo follow-up respectively (χ2=0. 119, P=0. 942;χ2=1. 504, P=0. 471;χ2=0. 949, P=0. 622; χ2=0. 277, P=0. 871). 5) the differences of eyes with UCVA≥5. 0 was statistically significant between SMILE group vs FS-LASIK group, LASIK group at 1wk follow-up (χ2=9. 249, P=0. 002<0. 05/3;χ2=12. 906, P=0. 000<0. 05/3), there was no significant statistical difference between FS-LASIK group and LASIK group (χ2=0. 500, P=0. 604). 6) there was no significant statistical difference of eyes with SE (±0. 50D) at any time post operation among three groups (χ2=0. 809, P=0. 697;χ2=1. 176, P=0. 634;χ2=0. 871, P=0. 736;χ2=0. 683, P=0. 770).CONCLUSION: All of SMILE, FS-LASIK and LASIK are effective and stable on treating myopia according to follow-up of 6mo. However, in this study, SMILE group shows more effective than FS-LASIK and LASIK at 1wk, which could enhance postoperative UCVA more rapidly.

Objective To explore the expression and mechanisms of MMP-9 in vascular remodeling of two-kidney and one-cliped hypertension rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham operation group( n = 10), two-kidney and one-clip model (2KIC) group ( n = 10) and telmisartan group ( n = 7 ). Telmisartan group were injected with telmisartan every day. The blood pressure was determined every week. The morphologic change of carotid artery and thoracic aorta was observed with HE stainning 8 weeks after treatment with telmisartan.Arteries was performed to evaluate the expression of MMP-9 with immunohistochemisty. Results The blood pressure,vessel wall,and the expression of MMP-9 in model group were significantly higher than that of control group.Telmisartan nearly normalized arterial pressure and suppressed all these changes. Conclusion MMP-9 was related to vascular remodeling and Telmisartan could regulate vascular remodeling in 2-kidney and 1-cliped hypertension rats by inhibiting the pathway of MMP-9.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation surgical intervention of complicated cataract in patients with uveitis.
●METHODS:Retrospective study. A total of 57 cases (57 eyes ) with complicated cataract with uveitis were involved in the study from Jan. 2015 to Dec. 2015. All cases underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation surgery successfully. The postoperative reaction, effect, complications and so on were retrospectively analyzed after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation surgery. The date of visual outcome was analyzed using Non - parametric Wilcoxon test.
●RESULTS: lris were bleed in 21 eyes ( 37%) , 4 eyes ( 7%) with posterior capsule rapture and posterior chamber intraocular lens was not implanted in 4 eyes ( 7%) . The uncorrected visual acuity ( UCVA ) was significantly increased after surgery. The UCVA of 8 eyes (14%) were 0. 1 or better before surgery, and the UCVA of 42 eyes (74%) were 0. 1 or better 3mo after surgery, the difference was statistically significant ( Z=23. 42, P<0. 001). The corneal edema (17 eyes, 30%), uveitis (2 eyes, 4%) and intraocular hypertension ( 1 eyes, 2%) were appeared in postoperative 1d. The corneal edema (3 eyes, 5%) was appeared in postoperative 1wk. The uveitis ( 1 eyes, 2%) was appeared in postoperative 1mo. The corneal edema (1 eyes, 2%), uveitis (2 eyes, 4%) , intraocular hypertension ( 1 eyes, 2%) and after-cataract ( 3 eyes, 5%) were appeared in postoperative 3mo.
● CONCLUSION: The phacoemulsification combined intraocular lens implantation surgical intervention of complicated cataract in patients with uveitis has good effect and fewer complications.

Objective To evaluate engraftment status of patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(Allo-HSCT) and prompt relapse of disease based on DNA polymorphism analysis technique.Methods Sixty-six cases were detected by DNA polymorphism analysis technique and 25 cases were monitored and analyzed dynamically during this period.Results After Allo-HSCT,48 patients obtained type of donors,but 13 patients did not; 5 patients showed mixed chimerism.Two cases of type of donors converted into mixed chimerism and 4 cases of mixed chimerism converted into type of donors after some time. The others' engraftment status did not change.Conclusion DNA polymorphism analysis technique can detect engraftment status of patients exactly, rapidly, which provides effective evidences of constitution for more clinical therapy projects.

Objective To study the clinicopathologic features and differential diagnosis of deep angiomyxoma(DAM). Methods Seven cases of DAM were collected from 2000 to 2008. All the patients were examined by microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results 6 patients with DAM were females and 1 was male, with median age of 48.5 years. Median maximum dimension was 5.9cm, with invasive growth pattern. The tumor cells of DAM were infantile, spindle or stellate,diffuse and nodular arrangement. A distinctive histologic feature of DAM was its vascularity. Non-arborizing, thin-wall, ectastic capillaries or more commonly, small thick-wall vessels were dispersed throughout the tumor. Mast cells and extravasated red blood cells were frequently found in the stroma, immunohistochemical study showed that 7 cases were positive for vimentin, desmin, ER and PR, 5 for CD34 and SMA, and negative for S-100 and CK. Conclusion DAM is a rare soft tumor that occurs principally in the vulval and vagina region of woman. Misdiagnosis has happened frequently. Immunohistochemical staining are helpful to diagnosis for DAM, but no significance to distinguish it.