OBJECTIVE: To analyze Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) of herbal medicines in European Union(EU) und-er The Directive 2004/24/EC and to provide thoughts for the export of traditional Chinese medicines(TCM).METHODS: TheTBT set by European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) was discussed from aspects of the simplification of restrictions on application, technical standard specifications and authentication system, and documents for registration etc, and some suggestions for the export of TCM were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Firstly, Chinese government should strengthen the communication and cooperation with European governments. Secondly, more advanced TCM quality specification should be set up. Thirdly we need to seek for support through multinational investment. Finally we should set up some information consultancy agents and to get access to information related to TBT.

Dry eye is a most common external eye disease in clinic and it can cause ocular discomfort and visual disturbance. The conventional examinations for dry eye have some shortcomings, for example, high variability and insufficient association with symptoms. Recently, routine ophthalmic technologies play more extending roles in evaluation of dry eye, including corneal topography, wavefront aberrometer, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal microscope. Corneal topography and wavefront aberrometer could be used to evaluate the stability of tear film and visual function. OCT could image tear meniscus directly, and confocal microscope could observe histopathology of ocular surface in vivo. The studies on ophthalmic technologies in dry eye make us deepen the understanding of pathophysiology of dry eye and also provide new diagnostic approaches.

China ; Hepatitis A ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Immunization ; methods

Objective To investigate the related factors effecting the genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation of organic ex-tracts from source water of Huaihe River and its tap water on mice.Methods XAD-II resin was used to absorb the organic chemical pollutants in source water and tap water.The mice were exposed to organic extracts through peritoneal injection continuously for5days.The micronucleus test,the sperm deformity test,the determination of the activities of SOD and GSH-Px and the concentrations of LPO in serum,liver and brain of mice were carried out.Results The fre-quncies of micronuclei and abnormal sperm of mice exposed to organic extracts at dosage of0.01ml/1g(bw)corre-sponding to100L/kg(bw)source water,finished water and tap water increased significantly compared with those of controls(P

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of fentanyl on GABAA receptors in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of rat.Methods Pyramidal neurons were acutely isolated from 3-10 day old SD rats of either sex by enzymatic-mechanic method. GABAA receptor mediated currents ( IGABA) were recorded using voltage clamped whole cell patch clamp technique in gap-free mode at the holding potential (VH) of - 50 mV. Current-voltage relationship of IGABA was obtained in ramp protocol ranging from + 30 mV to - 110 mV and lasting for 1 600 ms. Data were collected by using a system consisting of Axopatch 200B patch-clamp amplifier, Pentium Ⅲ computer and Digidata 1200 interface. All experiments were performed at room temperature (22-25℃). Five to twelve neurons were used for each fentanyl concentration. The effects of fentanyl from 1.0 ? 10-5 ?mol?L-1 to 10. 0 ?mol?L-1 were evaluated by the inhibition rate of the peak amplitude of IGABA, the desensitization time constant (?des) of IGABA and the reversal potential (Ecl- ) of IGABA. A ?-opioid receptor selective antagonist CTAP 1 ?mol?L-1 was applied and its effects on fentanyl were recorded. Results (1) GAB A 1-1 000 ?mol?L-1 induced inward currents (IGABA) dose-dependently with an EC50 of 23.73 ?mol?L-1.IGABA induced by GABA 30 ?mol?L-1 was blocked by bicuculline 1 ?mol?L-1. (2) Fentanyl depressed IGABA dose-dependently with EC50 of 0.011 ?mol?L-1 and shortened the rdes of IGABA.(3) The inhibitory effects of fentanyl on IGABA were antagonized by CTAP. (4) Fentanyl 0.01 ?mol?L-1 and CTAP did not influence the reversal potential of IGABA (Ecl- -3.0 mV) .Conclusion Fentanyl inhibits the function of GABAA receptors through ?-opioid receptors in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus may play a role in the neuroexcitatory effects of opioids.

Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Respiratory Protective Devices ; classification ; standards ; utilization ; United States

green light(480 nm).

Acute Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Male ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Pesticides ; poisoning ; Respiration, Artificial ; Tracheotomy ; methods

Objective To explore the application of 2010 edition cardiopulmonary resuscitation clinical nursing teaching pathway combined with OSCE mode in teaching and assessment,and improve clinical emergency response capabilities.Methods 99 target school undergraduate nursing students were selected as research objects,and were randomly divided into the traditional group (50 students) and the combination group(49 students).The traditional group adopted the traditional CPR teaching and assessment methods,the combination group took the 2010 version of CPR pathway and OSCE clinical nursing teaching mo de.The mastery of CPR was compared between two groups.Results The mastery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills of the combination group was significantly better than that of the traditional group.Conclusions Implementation of the combination of 2010 version of the CPR and the OSCE clinical nursing teaching pathway mode can effectively promote the mastery of CPR skills by students,effectively improve the first-aid skills and adaptability of students.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Ear Auricle ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Postoperative Complications ; surgery ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Skin Transplantation ; Surgical Flaps ; Young Adult