Medical wastes are highly risky as infectious substances or hazardous chemical substances, if out of control, will cause serious environmental pollution and spread of diseases, directly jeopardizing human health. In consideration of such hazards of medical wastes, Chinese laws have made strict regulations on their management, which however fall short in terms of their rigorousness. In the era to build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, it is imperative to establish and improve an effective mechanism for the regulation of medical wastes, to further improve China's legal system of medical waste management and to upgrade the law enforcement on it.

Objective To realize the risk factors for postoperative healthcare-associated infection (HAI)in pa-tients undergoing oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor surgery,so as to take effective intervention measures and reduce the occurrence of HAI.Methods Prospective and retrospective survey were adopted to analyze the occur-rence of HAI and related risk factors for postoperative HAI in patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor surgery in 2013.Results Of 432 patients,58 developed 63 times of HAI,HAI rate was 13.43%,case infec-tion rate was 14.58%.The main infection sites were lower respiratory tract (57.14%)and surgical site (38.09%). 56 pathogenic strains were isolated,the major were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (46.43%),followed by Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumonia .Univariate analysis revealed that tracheotomy,length of hospital stay,opera-tive time,intraoperative antimicrobial use were risk factors for HAI in patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor surgery(all P <0.05).Conclusion The important measures for reducing HAI in patients undergo-ing oral and maxillofacial malignant tumor surgery are shortening the duration of surgery and length of hospital stay, taking active intervention,implementing hand hygiene,and using antimicrobial agents rationally.

Objective To discuss the clinical application of ultrasound-guided preoperative guide-wire localization in diagnosing tiny breast lesions. Methods A total of 56 patients with impalpable tiny breast lesions were enrolled in this study. Preoperative guide-wire localization of the lesion was performed under high-frequency ultrasound guidance, which was followed by tracking resection of the lesion. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Results Successful localization and complete resection of the lesion was accomplished in all 56 patients. The lesions included invasive ductal carcinoma (n=11), intraductal carcinoma (n=5), ductal carcinoma in situ (n=2), mucinous carcinoma (n=2), fibroadenoma (n=24), atypical hyperplasia (n=6), intraductal papilloma (n=4) and plasma-cell mastitis (n=2). Conclusion Ultrasound-guided preoperative guide-wire localization is a safe and reliable technique for the diagnosis of impalpable tiny breast lesions. It can precisely localize the lesion, which is very helpful for making a complete resection of the lesion and avoiding unnecessary breast injury. Therefore, this technique should be recommended in clinical practice.

Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Prognosis

Objective To investigate the synergistic effect of calcium channel blocker on cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth (GO). Methods 130 renal transplant patients treated with cyclosporine were divided into group A (with calcium channel blocker) and group B (without calcium channel blocker). Demographic, pharmacologic and periodontal data were recorded. The prevalence and severity of GO were compared between the two groups. Three calcium channel blockers, including nifedipine, amlodipine and felodipine, were administered in the patients of group A. The relationships between these three calcium channel blockers and the prevalence of GO were analyzed. Results The patients receiving calcium channel blocker showed significantly higher prevalence of GO (44/73,60 % ) than those without calcium channel blocker (22/57, 39 %) (P＜0. 05). A higher proportion of mild GO (37 %) in group A was also observed than in group B (19 %, P＜0. 05). There were no significant differences in the proportions of moderate and/or severe GO between the two groups (P＞0. 05). Periodontal variables, including plaque index and papilla bleeding index, were significantly higher in GO patients than in those without GO in both two groups (P＜0. 05). In addition, the prevalence of GO in patients receiving nifedipine (77 %) was higher than in those receiving amlodipine (57 %) or felodipine (50 %). Conclusion The combination with calcium channel blocker is a risk factor of cyclosporine-induced GO and the use of nifedipine should be avoided for these at-risk patients.

Objective This thesis discusses the present situation of related thesises of childhood asthma.Methods The childhood asthma related thesises in Chinese Scientific Journals Database from 1999 to 2008 were collected as the basic data.Results 2 246 authors from 31 province/city/autonomous region who published 3 121 thesises in 507 periodicals were found.Conclusions The children's hospital of the capital institute of pediatrics is the authority researcher of childhood asthma.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of renal insufficiency and its associated factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus with normoalbuminuria using estimated glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR) .Methods We retrospectively analyzed 10-year data of chronic complications in type 2 diabetics in-patient from the Chinese Diabetes Society.eGFR was estimated using the equation from Modification of Diet in Renal Disease(MDRD) study.The clinical characteristics as well as associated factors for low eGFR were analyzed among the normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients.Results A total of 1351 type 2 diabetic patients were included, 755 patients with normoalbuminuria, 466 patients with microalbuminuria and 130 patients with macroalbuminuria respectively.Among the patients, 310 (22.9% ) had low eGFR (GFR <60 ml · min~(-1) · 1.73 m~(-2) ) , 19.7% (149/755) in the patients with normoalbuminuria, 21.9% (102/466) in microalbuminuria and 45.4% ( 59/130 ) in macroalbuminuria Patients with normoalbuminuria and low eGFR suffered more chronic complications than those with normoalbuminuria and normal eGFR, mainly retinopathy, cerebrovascular diseases and sensory neuropathy.Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that age ( OR = 1.042, P < 0.001), diabetic duration ( OR = 1.038, P = 0.045), systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.017, P < 0.001) were independently associated with renal impairment among the patients with normoalbuminuria.Body mass index ( OR = 0.868, P < 0.001) and HbAlc (OR =0.898, P =0.021) were also related with renal insufficiency.Conclusion A considerable proportion in type 2 diabetic patients without albuminuria may exist renal impairment, and eGFR estimation could benefit the evaluation of renal function in such patients.

Diabetic model of SD rats was induced by streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. Transforming growth factor (TCF)-?1 mRNA level was significantly decreased in renal cortex of diabetic rats by treatment of Pioglitazone. The result suggests that the protection of Pioglitazone against diabetic nephropathy seems to be related to the decrease of TGF-?1 gene expression in renal cortex.

Objective To study the perception of patients and nurses for the artificial airway suction,in order to provide theoretical reference for building the artificial airway suction clinical practice guidelines.Methods CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,Pubmed,Science direct databases were searched for papers of patients and/or nurses' perception over the limited period of 2005 to 2013.The retrieved papers were analyzed.Results Nineteen eligible papers were identified.Extract relevant contents found the majority of patients retained the memory of that airway suction,mainly for pain,choking,suffocation,and eager to get the relevant knowledge and information.There were few researches on nurses' subjective feeling about airway suction.Conclusion We should pay attention to the perception of patients,while strengthening the research on nurses' perception of artificial airway suction and improve communication with patients,in order to relieve their discomfort experience,and could be helpful for the building of airway suction clinical practice guidelines.

Objective To study the mental status of dento-maxillofacial deformities patients for orthognathic-orthodontic treatment,assess the testing results,and provide reference for doctors and nurses to evaluate mental features of patients.Methods 79 patients from a three-level and first-class hospital in Shanghai were collected from February 2011 to January 2012,who were to undergo orthognathic-orthodontic treatment.All the subjects filled in MMPI questionnaire before the operation.Results Scores of F and Pa subscales in male were significantly lower than the national norm.Scores of K and Mf subscales in female were significantly higher than the national norm.Scores of L,F,Hs,D,Pd,Pa,Pt,Sc,Si subscales were significantly lower than the national norm.Scores of F,Pa,Sc,Ma subscales in male were significantly higher than female.Scores of Mf subscales in female were significantly higher than male.Conclusions The whole personality of dento-maxillofacial deformities patients are normal.However,individualized personality deviation and psychological problems exist,including personality characteristics among different genders.