Objective To investigate the changes of cytokines of splenocytes in mice immunized with recombinant BCG-Em Ⅱ/3 vaccine of Echinococcus multilocularis(Em)and consequently challenged with Em protoscoleces.Methods Balb/c mice were subcutaneously or intranasally vaccinated and challenged with Em were separated and cultured with EmAg,ConA or PHA,respectively.The supematants were gathered to measure the levels of IL-2,IFN-γ,TNF-α.and IL-4 by ELISA Kits.Results The levels of IL-2,IFN-γ,TNF-α and IL-4 in the subcutaneous group were(34.6±2.7),(34.5±2.8),(265.0 ±0.0)and(9.8±2.6)ng/L respeetively:those in the intranasal group were(32.5±2.2),(33.6±2.7),(130.0±0.0)and(10.4±27)ng/L respectively;those in the control were(25.0±1.9),(30.0±0.0),(10.0±0.0)and(12.5±2.7)ng/L,respectively:there were statistical differences between the immunized groups and control group(P＜0.01 or＜0.05);The level of TNF-α in the subcutaneous group was higher than that in the intranasal group.Conclusion Th1 response has been induced in mice vaccinated with rBCG-Em Ⅱ/3 vaccine and challenged with Em protoscoleces.

To introduce scientific research innovation into undergraduate education, cultivating innovative talents has been an urgent mission of current higher education. This article reviewed our experience, with the introduction of producing-studying-researching platform built on original innovative achievements of Chongqing medical university,of training physical medicine physician to be practical talents of large-scale diagnostic and therapeutic medical equipments, and was aimed to explore introducing producing-studying-researching platform into undergraduate education as well as improve personnel training quality of undergraduates.

Objective To explore the expression ofapoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and the apoptosis ofnervous cells in infectious brain injury rat models induced by pneumolysin (PLY) and their significance.Methods A total of 80 infant SD rats were randomly divided into normal saline treatment group (NS group,n=40) and PLY treatment group (PLY group,n=40).Each group was divided into 4 subgroups:NS observation subgroups at the 6,12,24 and 48 h of treatment and PLY observation subgroups at the 6,12,24 and 48 h of treatment (n=10).Five rats in these subgroups were injected with Evan' s blue (EB) to determine the damage of BBB by measuring the content of EB in the brain tissues;the other 5 rats in these subgroups were not given EB,and their brain tissues were obtained to detect the protein expressions of NSE,GFAP and AIF by immunohistochemistry,and their apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining.Results As compared with those in the NS treatment subgroups,the brain EB content and the expression levels of NSE,GFAP and AIF in the PLY treatment subgroups were significantly higher,and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased (P＜0.05).The number of apoptotic cells was positively correlated to the protein expression level of AIF in the PLY treatment group (r=0.959,P=0.000).Conclusion Apoptosis plays a role in the formation and development of infectious brain injury of rats and AIF might involve in the apoptosis ofneurocyte.