The effect of spa-drink (Misasa hot spring) on exocrine pancreatic function was studied in controls and drink therapy group. To examine exocrine pancreatic function, two different methods were used for determination of pancreatic chymotrypsin activity. One was a colorimetric method for the determination of fecal chymotrypsin activity and the other was PFD fest. Following conclusions were obtained.
1) With spa-drink therapy, fecal chymotrypsin activity was raised in 2 weeks in 40% of patients, while it remained unchanged in the next 2 weeks.
2) With spa-drink therapy, PFD value was raised in 2 weeks in 50% of patients, while it returned to the pre-treatment value in the next 2 weeks.
3) Spa-drink therapy for 2 weeks was effective for improving exocrine pancreatic function.

Effect of long-term intake of spa water on gastric mucosal blood flow was evaluated using an endoscopic organ reflex spectrophotometry together with an Olympus XQ-10 forward-viewing gastrofiberscope. Three healthy volunteers and nine patients with gastric diseases in remission (six with healed gastric ulcer and three with chronic gastritis) underwent two-week treatment consisting of daily intake of Misasa spa water (weakly radon containing bicarbonate salt spring, 38 to 42°C, 200ml, two times a day between meals), and gastric mucosal blood flow was measured at three spots of the stomach (lesser curvature of the pylorus, antrm, and angle) before and after the treatment period. Life style and medication were kept unchanged during the period. The following results were obtained:
1) Gastric mucosal blood flows (IHb) measured before and after the treatment were respectively 95.0±18.0 and 98.2±15.4 at the pylorus, 104.8±16.9 and 110.8±12.8 at the antrum, 116.1±20.4 and 118.7±18.5 at the angle.
2) Values measured after the treatment were higher than those measured before the treatment at pylorus in 75% of the patients and at the antrum and angle in 67% of the pa-tients.
3) However, assessment of the mean values before and after the treatment using the student's paired t-test revealed a significant increase in blood flow (P<0.05) only at the antrum.
Further studies are in progress to determine (1) the clinical significance of the improvement in gastric mucosal blood flow, such as the maintenance of remission, and (2) the characteristics of gastric diseases which are likely to respond favorably to the treament of taking spa water.

In order to reduce the blood transfusion volume in open heart surgery, the new blood autotransfusion technique using cardiotomy reservoir unit BCR 3538, which was configured to serve also as a receptacle for postoperative mediastrinal drainage, was introduced. To investigate the utility and the problem in this system, every clotting factor, platelets' function and the extent of the hemolysis were measured serially both in patients' arterial blood and the shed mediastinal blood. The bank blood transfusion was significantly reduced to 250ml±330ml by this system compared to the 1080ml±820ml in the cases of usual system (p<0.01). Every clotting factor recovered well in patients' arterial blood after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In the reservoir blood, the clotting factor IX, XI, XII were extremely suppressed at 1h CPB, and 3h after the CPB, every clotting factor except fibrinogen (42±28mg/dl) showed the quite higher activity, such as factor VIII 400%, IX 365%, XI 72%, XII 267%. Namely, the anticoagulability of the reservoir blood was maintained due to the effect of the residual heparin at 1h after the CPB, and due to the contact defibrinogation of the shed mediastinal blood at 3h after CPB. The free hemoglobin level was extremely high on the reservoir blood at 3h after CPB. In 6 cases, the autologous blood retransfusion was abandoned by clott formation in the unit because of the contamination of the intraoperatively used fibrin glue. From this study, the autologous blood transfusion using cardiotomy reservoir BCR 3538 was useful not only for saving the transfusion of the bank blood but also the hemostasis after CPB. But to reduce the hemolysis in this system, and to establish the safety against the other clotting material such as fibrin glue were the problems which should be resolved in future. I appreciate the kind support of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for this study.

The purpose of the present study was to discuss the effects of risedronate on osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee by reviewing the existing literature. The literature was searched with PubMed, with respect to prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs), using the following search terms: risedronate, knee, and osteoarthritis. Two RCTs met the criteria. A RCT (n = 231) showed that risedronate treatment (15 mg/day) for 1 year improved symptoms. A larger RCT (n = 1,896) showed that risedronate treatment (5 mg/day, 15 mg/day, 35 mg/week, and 50 mg/week) for 2 years did not improve signs or symptoms, nor did it alter radiological progression. However, a subanalysis study (n = 477) revealed that patients with marked cartilage loss preserved the structural integrity of subchondral bone by risedronate treatment (15 mg/day and 50 mg/week). Another subanalysis study (n = 1,885) revealed that C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) decreased with risedronate treatment in a dose-dependent manner, and levels reached after 6 months were associated with radiological progression at 2 years. The results of these RCTs show that risedronate reduces the marker of cartilage degradation (CTX-II), which could contribute to attenuation of radiological progression of OA by preserving the structural integrity of subchondral bone. The review of the literature suggests that higher doses of risedronate (15 mg/day) strongly reduces the marker of cartilage degradation (CTX-II), which could contribute to attenuation of radiological progression of OA by preserving the structural integrity of subchondral bone.
Animals ; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Cartilage/drug effects ; Diphosphonates/therapeutic use ; Etidronic Acid/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/*drug therapy

Clot waveform analysis (CWA) observes changes in transparency in a plasma sample based on clotting tests such as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT). Evidence indicates that not only an abnormal waveform but also peak times and heights in derivative curves of CWA are useful for the evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities. Modified CWA, including the PT with APTT reagent, dilute PT (small amount of tissue factor [TF]-induced clotting factor IX [FIX] activation; sTF/FIXa), and dilute TT, has been proposed to evaluate physiological or pathological hemostasis. We review routine and modified CWA and their clinical applications. In CWA-sTF/FIXa, elevated peak heights indicate hypercoagulability in patients with cancer or thrombosis, whereas prolonged peak times indicate hypocoagulability in several conditions, including clotting factor deficiency and thrombocytopenia. CWA-dilute TT reflects the thrombin burst, whereas clot-fibrinolysis waveform analysis reflects both hemostasis and fibrinolysis. The relevance and usefulness of CWA-APTT and modified CWA should be further investigated in various diseases.

A 64-year-old man was found to have a nodule in his right lung. He also complained of nausea and abdominal pain during the clinical course. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a duodenal ulcer associated with severe stenosis and a suspicion of malignancy. However, three subsequent biopsies revealed no evidence of malignancy. The fourth biopsy showed scattered large eosinophilic cells with an eccentric nucleus, leading to a diagnosis of Russell body duodenitis (RBD). RBD is an extremely rare disease, and little is known about its etiology and clinical course. The pathogenesis of RBD is discussed based on our experience with this case.
Abdominal Pain ; Biopsy ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis ; Duodenal Ulcer ; Duodenitis* ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Nausea ; Rare Diseases

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of alendronate and raloxifene on lumbar bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover, and lipid metabolism in elderly women with osteoporosis. Subjects and Methods: One hundred twenty-two postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (mean age: 69.4 years) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 61 patients: the alendronate group and the raloxifene group. BMD of the lumbar spine, urinary level of cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX), and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC), high and low density lipoprotein cholesterols (LDL-C and HDL-C, respectively), and triglycerides (TG) were measured during the 12-month-treatment period. RESULTS: The trial in 50 patients in the alendronate group and 52 patients in the raloxifene group could be completed. Both alendronate and raloxifene increased lumbar BMD (+8.0% and +2.4% at 12 months, respectively), followed by reductions of urinary NTX level and serum ALP level; however, the effects of alendronate were more pronounced than those of raloxifene. Only raloxifene reduced the serum levels of TC and LDL-C (-3.9% and -7.7% at 12 months, respectively), without any significant effect on the serum HDL-C and TG levels. CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed the efficacy of alendronate greater than raloxifene in increasing lumbar BMD through its effect on marked reduction of the bone turnover more than by raloxifene, and some beneficial effects of raloxifene on lipid metabolism in elderly women with osteoporosis.
Aged ; Alendronate/adverse effects/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Biological Markers/blood ; Bone Density/*drug effects ; Calcium/blood ; Female ; Fractures, Bone/prevention & control ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism/*drug effects ; Osteoporosis/*drug therapy/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/blood ; Raloxifene/adverse effects/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Spine/drug effects

PURPOSE: The comparative effects of alendronate and alfacalcidol on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover have already been established in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. An open-labeled prospective study was conducted to compare the treatment effects of alendronate and alfacalcidol on hip BMD and bone turnover in Japanese men with osteoporosis or osteopenia with clinical risk factors for fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twelve men with osteoporosis or osteopenia with clinical risk factors for fractures (mean age: 71.4 years) were randomly divided into two groups of 56 patients each: the alendronate (5 mg daily) and alfacalcidol (1 microgram daily) groups. The BMD of the total hip, urinary level of cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX), and serum levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) were measured during the 12-month-treatment period. RESULTS: Forty-five patients in the alendronate group and 42 patients in the alfacalcidol group completed the trial. Alendronate increased BMD (+2.3% at 12 months) following reductions in the urinary level of NTX (-46.4% at 3 months) and serum level of BSAP (-34.1% at 12 months), while alfacalcidol sustained BMD (-1.9% at 12 months) as well as the urinary level of NTX (+13.2% at 3 months) and serum level of BSAP (+1.8% at 12 months). CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed that alendronate has better efficacy than alfacalcidol (active control) in increasing hip BMD and reducing bone turnover in Japanese men with osteoporosis or osteopenia with clinical risk factors for fractures.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alendronate/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Density/*drug effects ; *Bone Density Conservation Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic/*drug therapy ; Fractures, Bone/*prevention & control ; Hip Joint/*drug effects/pathology ; Humans ; *Hydroxycholecalciferols/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteoporosis/*drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: The comparative effects of alendronate and alfacalcidol on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover have already been established in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. An open-labeled prospective study was conducted to compare the treatment effects of alendronate and alfacalcidol on hip BMD and bone turnover in Japanese men with osteoporosis or osteopenia with clinical risk factors for fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twelve men with osteoporosis or osteopenia with clinical risk factors for fractures (mean age: 71.4 years) were randomly divided into two groups of 56 patients each: the alendronate (5 mg daily) and alfacalcidol (1 microgram daily) groups. The BMD of the total hip, urinary level of cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX), and serum levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) were measured during the 12-month-treatment period. RESULTS: Forty-five patients in the alendronate group and 42 patients in the alfacalcidol group completed the trial. Alendronate increased BMD (+2.3% at 12 months) following reductions in the urinary level of NTX (-46.4% at 3 months) and serum level of BSAP (-34.1% at 12 months), while alfacalcidol sustained BMD (-1.9% at 12 months) as well as the urinary level of NTX (+13.2% at 3 months) and serum level of BSAP (+1.8% at 12 months). CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed that alendronate has better efficacy than alfacalcidol (active control) in increasing hip BMD and reducing bone turnover in Japanese men with osteoporosis or osteopenia with clinical risk factors for fractures.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alendronate/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Density/*drug effects ; *Bone Density Conservation Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic/*drug therapy ; Fractures, Bone/*prevention & control ; Hip Joint/*drug effects/pathology ; Humans ; *Hydroxycholecalciferols/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteoporosis/*drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: To examine the influence of ovariectomy (OVX) on bone turnover and trabecular bone mass at the 3 clinically important skeletal sites in mature cynomolgus monkeys. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six female cynomolgus monkeys, aged 17-21 years, were randomized into 2 groups by the stratified weight: the OVX and sham-operation groups (n = 3 in each group). The experimental period was 16 months. Lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in vivo and serum and urinary bone turnover markers were longitudinally measured, and peripheral quantitative computed tomographic and bone histomorphometric analyses were performed on trabecular bone of the lumbar vertebra, femoral neck, and distal radius at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: OVX induced in a reduction in lumbar BMD compared with the sham controls and the baseline, as a result of increased serum levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and urinary levels of cross-lined N- and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen. Furthermore, OVX induced reductions in trabecular volumetric BMD and trabecular bone mass compared with the sham controls, with increased bone formation rate at the lumbar vertebra, femoral neck, and distal radius. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that OVX in mature cynomolgus monkeys (17-21 years of age) increased bone turnover and induced trabecular bone loss at the three skeletal sites compared with the sham controls. Thus, mature cynomolgus monkeys could be utilized for preclinical studies to examine the effects of interventions on bone turnover and trabecular bone mass at the 3 clinically important skeletal sites.
Alkaline Phosphatase/blood ; Animals ; *Bone Density ; Collagen Type I/urine ; Female ; Femur Neck/metabolism ; Lumbar Vertebrae/metabolism ; Macaca fascicularis/*physiology ; Ovariectomy/*adverse effects ; Radius/metabolism ; Random Allocation