Objective:It is very important that oxidative stress is estimated for us to understand a player's condition in the field of sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether electroacupuncture has an effect on exercise-induced oxidative stress.
Methods:Ten healthy male volunteers participated in both the electroacupuncture (EA) group and the control group in a crossover design. EA at a frequency of 2 Hz and optimum intensity was performed in the subjects for 10 minutes in both the medial vastus muscles. During ergometer exercise by ramp load, respiratory metabolism including the RC point was recorded as the indication of energy metabolism. Blood was collected from the fingertips of the subjects, and then their levels of oxidative stress (d-ROMs test) and antioxidative (BAP test) were determined by using a Free Radical Analytical System (FRAS4, Wismell Instruments). Six measurements were taken;at rest, immediately after EA and following exercise, and at 20, 40, and 60 minutes following exercise.
Results:The RC point was significantly prolonged in the EA group compared with the control group. The level of oxidative stress (d-ROMs test) in the control group increased significantly at 20 minutes following exercise compared with rest (before exercise) and this increase was sustained until 60 minutes after exercise. In contrast, it did not significantly change in the EA group. Whereas the antioxidative level (BAP test) in the EA group significantly increased immediately following exercise compared with rest (before exercise), it did not increase in the control group.
Conclusion:These results suggest that electroacupuncture might enhance the antioxidative level (BAP test) and inhibit the level of oxidative stress (d-ROMs test) by effecting a change in respiratory metabolism. We propose that electroacupuncture might be useful for sports conditioning.

Objective : To examine the association between the combination therapy of calcium antagonists with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and underlying diseases for hypertensive patients.
Design : Cross-sectional survey of the drug utilization.
Methods : This survey included 603 hypertensive patients who had visited Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Toyama, Japan more than twice from January to June in 1996 and received the prescriptions of calcium antagonists and/or ACE inhibitors. Main outcome measure was the combined medication of calcium antagonists with ACE inhibitors. Underlying diseases under consideration were diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia (LIPID), ischemic heart disease (IHD), chronic heart failure (CHF), and ischemic stroke (STROKE).
Results : Out of 603 hypertensive patients, 57.5% received only calcium antagonists, 23.7% received only ACE inhibitors, and 18.7% received both of them. Patients with either IHD or CHF tended to receive the combination therapy as compared to DM or LIPID. Although men tended to receive the combination therapy, a gender effect might be a confounder for the association. Logistic regression showed a 33% increase (P=0.265) in frequency of the combination therapy in patients with IHD after adjusting for age and gender.
Conclusion : Some underlying diseases were associated with more frequent prescriptions of the combination therapy for hypertensive patients, especially with ischemic heart diseases. This result should be regarded as an exploratory stage although the pattern of antihypertensive drug use could be reasonably explained from the pharmacological sense.

We report a 57-year-old male who suffered from ascending aortic aneurysmal dilatation complicated with acute localized dissection. He had received aortic valve replacement with a prosthesis for severe aortic regurgitation resulting from valve degeneration and annular dilatation 4 years previously at which time the maximal ascending aortic diameter had been 45mm so that a procedure for the aorta itself was not done. On the present occasion an aortogram showed a maximal aortic diameter of 90mm and localized dissection from above the right coronary ostium to near the connection to the brachiocephalic artery. A successful composite valve-graft replacement of the ascending aorta (Bentall procedure with Piehler's modification) was carried out on a semi-emergency basis. This experience with this case implies that certain intervention for associated moderate aortic dilatation should be considered when an aortic valve replacement is performed.

Objective: We have used therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) analysis software to set the initial dose of vancomycin in our hospital.  In contrast, the TDM guideline, in which the initial dose of vancomycin per body weight was set, was published in 2012.  We looked forward with utilizing the TDM guideline in the clinical setting, after which we conducted multiple surveys to determine the important points of the TDM guideline.
Methods: We surveyed patients treated with vancomycin, in whom the initial dose was set using the TDM analysis software and the concordance rate between the vancomycin dose set with the software and that set with the TDM guideline.
Results: The concordance rate of vancomycin dose was 42.1%.  The mean age of the high-dose group (vancomycin dose higher than that recommended by the TDM guideline), was younger than that of the recommended-dose group.  Additionally, the mean body weight of the high-dose group was significantly lower than that of the recommended-dose group.  The corrected creatinine clearance of the low-dose group was significantly lower than that of the recommended-dose group.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that when the initial dose is set after referring the TDM guideline in patients who are not very high age, and having low body weight and decreased renal function, the dose may differ from the dose set by using TDM analysis software.  In addition, since the recommended dose per body weight is a range and not a single value, setting the dose appropriate to target trough concentration is necessary.

Objects : The purpose of this study is to evaluate objective measurements of skin moisture and its usefulness in the Kampo clinic.Methods : We measured the skin moisture of 6 male volunteers using a sensor twice, in a one to two week interval, and calculated the correlation of both data sets at 66 points. Secondly, we compared the skin moisture data at 10 regions in 81 patients without any skin disease, in a wide age range from 30 s to early 70 s. The ten regions measured were : face, chest, back, abdomen, leg and 4 forearm points, i.e. the inside and outside of the bilateral center forearm, and palm.Results : The correlation of two successively measured data sets showed excellent relation (r=0.716, p<0.0001). The sensor measurement of skin moisture was quite reliable. Measurements of the face, chest and back showed them to be significantly wetter than the abdomen, leg or any of the 4 forearm points. Palm measurements indicated a wetter tendency than for any forearm measurements. Back and abdomen measurements in males were significantly wetter than those in females. There were no significant differences among the data sets, with regards to age. Therefore, any forearm points are clinically useful for the standard measurement of skin moisture. We also demonstrated a case in which skin moisture measurements with a sensor were useful in prescribing and observing the effects of shigyakusan.Conclusion : Utilizing this method may be helpful in acquiring much more objective measurements for Kampo medicine.
Integumentary system ; seconds ; Forearm ; Medicine, Kampo ; Measurement

Comparative trials were undertaken using 16 types of guide-tubes of different caliber and external diamter: small caliber (1.35mm) and large cliber (1.80mm) tubes of eight types of external diameter (i. e, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0mm). 540 tappings was performed with a hard needle (length: 58.0mm, diameter: 0.16mm, head diameter: 1.25mm).
The result can be summarized as follows:
1. Among the six small guide-tubes with 2.5-5.0mm external diameter, the larger external diameter was, the less sticking pain was experienced.
2. The four small caliber guide-tubes with 4.5-6.0mm external diameter caused significantly less sticking pain compared with the four small caliber guide-tubes of 2.5-4.0mm and the four large guide-tubes of 4.5-6.0mm.

PREAVOID is pharmaceutical intervention that is utilized to illustrate pharmacists’ contributions to medical care.  Currently, there is a great need for pharmacists to provide good medical services to inpatients; as a result, many pharmacists conduct pharmaceutical management in hospital wards.  However, pharmacists who have limited experience in working in the ward do not know exactly what they should check with respect to pharmaceutical management.  To resolve this problem, we determined 16 pharmaceutical-management items based on PREAVOID that was conducted at Nagara Medical Center.  Moreover, we conducted a pre-questionnaire survey assessing whether pharmacists who had worked in the ward for fewer than 4 years attended to these 16 check items in their daily work prior to our introducing the list to them.  The results indicated that pharmacists who had fewer than 2 years of experience working in wards attended to the 16 check items less than those who had more than 2 years of experience, and approximately half of the pharmacists had not received adequate guidance before beginning work at the ward.  In addition, most pharmacists indicated that clear check points were useful for conducting pharmaceutical management and the 16 check items were useful for their daily work.  These results indicate that the 16 check items are a useful educational tool for enabling pharmacists to conduct high quality pharmaceutical management from the initial stage and that using the 16 check items is superior to pharmacists only gaining this ability via prolonged experience working in the ward.

There are rare reports of families with multiple members with aortic dissection in the absence of Marfan syndrome. We encountered four cases of aortic dissection in two families. The aortic dissection occurred in the mother and child of the first family and in sisters of the second family. All cases had systemic hypertension preoperatively and presented Stanford type A aortic dissection. All of them were operated successfully. None of them showed the characteristics of connective tissue disease affecting the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular system. However, many members of the two families had systemic hypertension and histopathological examination of the aorta showed cystic medial necrosis in all of the four cases. The present study suggests that the familial aortic dissection may be caused by weakness of the aortic wall related to heredity and systemic hypertension.

Objective: Drugs that are excreted by the kidneys may require dose adjustments, depending on the patient’s renal function. The pharmacist must ask the prescribing physician about the prescription if a dose is deemed inappropriate. In the current study, we investigated the economic effects of prescription questions associated with renal function and the antibiotics treatment completion rate.Methods: The current study included inpatient prescription inquiries by pharmacists at our institution between January and December 2018. For all cases that were inquired prescription, the economic effects were estimated as follows; the drug costs were calculated based on drug prices at April 2018 edition, and the reduced medical care costs associated with avoiding adverse reactions due to prescription questions were calculated based on the number of benefits and the total cost of benefits in the Relief System for Sufferers from Adverse Drug Reactions. The antibiotics treatment completion rates were calculated based on the number of cases in which drug and dose maintained after prescription questions.Results: The study included 279 cases, 266 of which involved inappropriate doses due to deteriorated renal function. Most prescriptions were for antibiotics. The drug costs were reduced due to the prescription question in 213 cases; the total reduced cost was 699,483 Japanese yen. The economic effects associated with avoiding adverse reactions due to prescription questions were worth approximately 11,481,056 Japanese yen. The completion rate of antibiotic treatment in cases where doses were reduced due to prescription questions was 63.0% (treatment of 75 cases completed/all cases were 119), compared with 63.6% (7 cases/11 cases) in cases in which doses were not changed. Thus, dose reduction due to questions regarding the prescription did not lead to reduced completion rates of antibiotics treatment (p=0.621).Conclusion: Dose adjustments due to prescription questions about drugs excreted by the kidneys led to reduced drug costs and adverse reactions, and did not result in negative effects during infectious disease therapy.

To clarify what are contributing factors associated with the place to die (home or hospital) in a rural area, we investigated several background factors of 107 patients who died at home or in hospital after receiving home care service during the period of four years from July 1995 to June 2000. The subjects were divided into two group those who died at home (39 cases, 36%) and those who died in our hospital (68 cases, 64%). The ratio of deaths at home increased every year, and reached a half of those who died after receiving home care service. The average age in those who died at home were 87.1±9.5 years, that was higher than that of those who died in our hospital (82.2±9.8 years). There was no difference betwe two groups about sex, basic diseases and the time required to get to the hospital by car. Death at home was more preferred by patients, whereas death in the hospital was preferred by patients' families. The level of activities of daily living (ADL) in those who died at home was lower compared with that in those who died in the hospital. Those who died at home significantly had lesser complaints (pain, dyspnea and so on) and had more care-givers in the family, than those who died in the hospital. These results revealed that the major factors in death at home are: 1) low level of ADL, 2) preference to death at home expressed by patients, 3) presence of additional care-givers, and 4) no complaint of symptoms from patients.