Mucic acid is a hexaric acid that can be biosynthesized by oxidation of D-galacturonic acid, which is the main constituent of pectin. The structure and properties of mucic acid are similar to that of glucaric acid, and can be widely applied in the preparation of important platform compounds, polymers and macromolecular materials. Pectin is a cheap and abundant renewable biomass resource, thus developing a process enabling production of mucic acid from pectin would be of important economic value and environmental significance. This review summarized the structure and hydrolysis of pectin, the catabolism and regulation of D-galacturonic acid in microorganisms, and the strategy for mucic acid production based on engineering of corresponding pathways. The future application of mucic acid are prospected, and future directions for the preparation of mucic acid by biological method are also proposed.
Hexuronic Acids/metabolism* ; Pectins/metabolism* ; Sugar Acids/metabolism*

PURPOSE: As in the case of the deep second-degree burn, proper eschar elimination and early epithelization is essential for spontaneous healing without surgical intervention. Accordingly, we have treated with using early dermabrasion and appling frozen cultured allogenic keratinocyte patients in deep second degree burns an eschar formed. METHODS: From January 2011 to January 2012 at Kepco medical center, we selected 46 patients who were suffered from deep second degree burn formed an eschar were enrolled. Patients were divided into two parts, study and control group. Study group were performed dermabrasion within first 3 days to 10 days of the injury and then applied frozen cultured allogenic keratinocyte. control group were managed moist dressing using hydrocolloid gel, form and alginate materials. We tried to prove its clinical efficacy by researching the period of wound healing, percentage of skin graft, and hospital days under chart review and photograph. RESULTS: In study group, the mean period of wound healing was 15.13+/-4.18 (mean+/-S.D.) days, and that of the hospitalization was 16.65+/-5.31 (mean+/-S.D.) days. For the 3 patients without the epithelization, skin graft was conducted. As for the control group, the mean period of wound healing was 24.22+/-2.79 (mean+/-S.D.) days, and that of the hospitalization was 28.30+/-3.33 (mean+/-S.D). 21 patients were conducted skin grafts. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we concluded that the treatment in deep second degree burn patients eschar formed using early dermabrasion and frozen cultured allogenic keratinocyte is effective in reducing the duration of period of wound healing, hospital day and rate of skin graft.
Alginates ; Bandages ; Burns ; Colloids ; Dermabrasion ; Glucuronic Acid ; Hexuronic Acids ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Skin ; Transplants ; Wound Healing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soft tissue and bone change around two adjacent implants in one-stage implant surgery. METHODS: Eleven subjects (7 males, 4 females) who were needed placement of 2 adjacent implants in the molar area were included. The two implants were placed with the platform at the level of the alveolar crest. The interproximal bone between the 2 implants was not covered with gingiva. After surgery, an alginate impression was taken to record the gingival shape and radiographs were taken to evaluate implant placement. Using a master cast, the gingival height was measured at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. In the radiograph, the alveolar bone level was measured at the mesial and distal side of both implants at baseline and 12 weeks. RESULTS: The exposed bone was covered with gingiva at both 4 and 12 weeks. Loss of alveolar bone around implants was found in all areas. The alveolar bone level in the exposed bone area did not differ from that in the non-exposed area. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the alveolar bone level and gingival height around 2 adjacent implants in the exposed bone area did not differ from that in unexposed bone area.
Alginates ; Alveolar Bone Loss ; Dental Implants ; Dental Papilla ; Gingiva ; Glucuronic Acid ; Hexuronic Acids ; Humans ; Male ; Molar

OBJECTIVETo explore the improvement the dingle technology through the PICC catheter puncture point elbow hemostatic effect. Selection.

METHODSBetween January 2013 and December 2013, chest hospital affiliated to Shanghai jiaotong university under the guidance of ultrasound improved the Ding Gehang PICC catheter patients of 997 cases were randomly divided into three groups A, B, C, respectively, using gauze pad, calcium alginate wound dressings, calcium alginate wound dressings with hemostatic gauze pad three methods to puncture point, compare the three groups within 48 h after puncture biopsy in patients with some local bleeding, treatment times and catheter after 1 week of the maintenance costs of the catheter.

RESULTSCompared with A, B two groups, patients of group C tube after 48 hours the puncture point local oppression hemostasis effect is better than that of group A and B, the difference was statistically significant (all P < 0.05); Catheter maintenance: group C within 1 week after catheter tube after local lowest maintenance cost.

CONCLUSIONPICC for surgery after the puncture point of oppression hemostasis method choice, the effect of calcium alginate dressings hemostatic gauze pad is better than that of gauze pads and calcium alginate dressings, calcium alginate dressings and gauze pad is more effective and economic, in clinical use.

Alginates ; Bandages ; Catheters ; China ; Glucuronic Acid ; Hemorrhage ; Hemostatic Techniques ; Hexuronic Acids ; Humans ; Punctures

OBJECTIVEThe disinfection efficiency of a compound disinfectant spray with trichioro hydroxyl diphenyl ether on dental impression and plaster model, which have been contaminated by pathogens, were evaluated in this study.

METHODSAs experimental group, germ-free alginate impressions and plaster models were sprayed with the compound disinfectant of different density trichloro hydroxyl diphenyl ether or indophors for 5, 10 and is mm, after which were smeared with five tested pathogens, including Staphylococcus acre us, Escherichia cali, Saccharomyces albicans, Streptococcus mutans and black spore variants of Bacillus subtilis. The colonies were counted after sampling, inoculate and culture, which were used to deduce the killing logarithm value as the standard of the disinfecting efficiency.

RESULTSthe compound disinfectant spray with 3000 mg x L(-1) triebloro hydroxyl diphenyl ether was effective to all tested pathogens for 10 mm whatever on the impressions or the plaster models. The disinfectant spray with tame concentration was more effective on the alginate impression than on the plaster model in the same time (P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONThe compound disinfectant spray with trichioro hydroxyl diphenyl ether is an effective antiseptics for alginate impressions and plaster models.

Alginates ; Dental Disinfectants ; Dental Impression Materials ; Disinfectants ; Disinfection ; Glucuronic Acid ; Hexuronic Acids

OBJECTIVETo study the extraction, isolation and composition of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP).

METHODLBP was extracted from L. barbarum with water, isolationed and purified by DEAE ion-exchange cellulose and gel chromatography, and their structural composition was studied by means of SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis, GC, amino acid automatic analysis, etc.

RESULTPure LBP has four water solubie polysaccharides, M W was 1.524 x 10(5). LBP was composed of 6 kinds of monosaccharides (Ara, Rha, Xyl, Man, Gal and Glc), galacturonic acid and 18 kinds of amino acids.

CONCLUSIONLBP is a kind of complex polysaccharides consisting of acidic heteropolysaccharides and polypeptide or protein, and LBP has Glycan-O-Ser glycopeptide structures.

Amino Acids ; analysis ; Hexuronic Acids ; analysis ; Lycium ; chemistry ; Monosaccharides ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Seeds ; chemistry

In this study, we found that when Pseudomonas mendocina NK-01 accumulated intracellular carbon reserve, medium chain length poly (3-hydroxyalkanoates), it also synthesized extracellular saccharides, alginate oligosaccharides. The high carbon nitrogen ratio of culture medium facilitated alginate oligosaccharides production. We analyzed the structure of alginate oligosaccharide by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, 1H and 13C of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and found that it was compounded in line from beta-D-mannuronic acids and alpha-L-gluronic acids via beta-(1-->4)/ alpha-(1-->4) bonds, which acetylated partly on the 2- and/or 3-hydroxy. In addition, we determined the weight-average molecular weight of alginate oligosaccharides by gel permeation chromatography to be 2054.
Alginates ; chemistry ; Glucuronic Acid ; biosynthesis ; chemistry ; genetics ; Hexuronic Acids ; chemistry ; Molecular Weight ; Oligosaccharides ; biosynthesis ; chemistry ; genetics ; Pseudomonas mendocina ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo prepare sodium alginate-nanohydroxyapatite composite material and to explore its feasibility as a bone repair material.

METHODSSodium alginate-nanohydroxyapatite composite material was prepared using chemical cross-linking and freeze-drying technology. The composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its porosity was measured by liquid displacement method. The fifth passage of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) were incubated on the composite material and then growth was observed by inverted microscope and SEM. BMSCs were cultured with liquid extracts of the material, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to calculate the relative growth rate (RGR) on 1, 3, 5 d and to evaluate the cytotoxicity. Fresh dog blood was added into the liquid extracts to conduct hemolysis test, the spectrophotometer was used to determine the optical density (OD) and to calculate the hemolysis rate.

RESULTSSodium alginate-nanohydroxyapatite composite material displayed porosity, the porous pore rate was (88.6 +/- 4.5)%. BMSCs showed full stretching and vigorous growth under inverted microscope and SEM. BMSCs cultured with liquid extracts of the material had good activities. The toxicity of composite material was graded as 1. Hemolysis test results showed that the hemolysis rate of the composite material was 1.28%, thus meeting the requirement of medical biomaterials.

CONCLUSIONThe composite material fabricated in this study has high porosity and good biocompatibility.

Alginates ; Biocompatible Materials ; Cells, Cultured ; Glucuronic Acid ; Hexuronic Acids ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Porosity ; Tissue Engineering ; Tissue Scaffolds

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consistency of two electronic apex locators in vitro model. Materials consisted of fifty two extracted premolars and two electronic apex locators; Root ZX (J. Morita, Osaka, Japan) and E-Magic Finder Deluxe (S-Denti, Cheonan, Korea). After access preparation, the teeth were embedded in a saline-mixed alginate model. Canal lengths of each tooth were measured at "0.5" and "Apex" mark of the apex locators, respectively so that each tooth had two measurements from 0.5 and Apex points. The file was fixed at final measurement using a glass ionomer cement. The apical 4 mm from the apex was exposed to measure the distance from the file tip to the major apical foramen of each tooth. Average distances and standard deviations were used to evaluate the consistency. Results showed that all measurements of both Root ZX and E-Magic Finder located the major foramen the range of +/- 0.5 mm level. Both apex locators showed better consistency at Apex mark than at 0.5 mark. The average distance of file tip-major foramen was - 0.18 mm at 0.5 mark and - 0.07 mm at Apex mark in Root ZX, - 0.25 mm at 0.5 mark and - 0.02 mm at Apex mark in E-Magic Finder. Standard deviation was 0.21 at 0.5 mark and 0.12 at Apex mark in Root ZX, 0.12 at 0.5 mark and 0.09 at Apex mark in E-Magic Finder.
Acrylic Resins ; Alginates ; Bicuspid ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Glass Ionomer Cements ; Glucuronic Acid ; Hexuronic Acids ; Silicon Dioxide ; Tooth ; Tooth Apex

PURPOSE: We measured linear distances, angles and inclinations on the cast models of the noses, and compared these indirect measurements with the direct measurements obtained from the nose in order to validate the accuracy of the indirect anthropometry using the cast model. METHODS: Subjects were 50 males and 50 females, medical students in twenties(mean 27.1 years). Cast models were made from the alginate impression material and the plaster. In direct anthropometry, 16 linear, 7 angular, and 2 inclination measurements between 11 landmarks on the nose were obtained using sliding caliper, spreading caliper, and fabric tape measure. At the same time, the same measurements were obtained from the cast models of the same people. Total 25 measurements were compared, and tested by the independent t-test of SPSS. RESULTS: The standard values of Korean nose in twenties were obtained. 24 measurements except the columellar labial angle were not statistically different between the indirect anthropometry and the direct anthropometry. CONCLUSION: Indirect anthropometry on the cast model of the nose revealed no significant difference from the anthropometric measurement statistically, accounting for 24 in 25 measurements(96%). There are two possible reasons that caused the difference of columellar labial angle between direct and indirect anthropometry. First, the columellar labial angle could be decreased by protrusion of the lips which resulted from contracting mouth in which an drinking straw had been applied on the mouth corner for patients' respiration during making cast model. Second, it is generally known that the columellar labial angle could be measured larger when soft tissues were pressed by protractor in direct anthropometry. Using a drinking straw with greater diameter, and scheming respiration through the nostrils that patients don't feel discomfort, the more accurate data would be obtained from the indirect anthropometry using the cast models of the noses.
Accounting ; Alginates ; Anthropometry ; Contracts ; Drinking ; Female ; Glucuronic Acid ; Hexuronic Acids ; Humans ; Lip ; Male ; Mouth ; Nose ; Respiration ; Students, Medical