Objective To observe the curative effects of malignant brain swelling after brain injury by using the operations of standard large Craniotomy decompression and removal of necrotic brain tissues. Methods 80 cases of malignant brain swelling after severe brain injury were observed. The standard decompression surgery of large era-niotomy routine were used in 40 cases,while the operations of standard large craniotomy decompression and removal of necrotic brain tissues were used in the other 40 cases. The curative effects of the results after 15 days and six mon-ths were analyzed. Results The incidence of intracranial hypertension (37.5%, 15/40 ) and brain tissue incisional hernia (32.5% ,13/40)of the group using standard large craniotomy decompression and removal of nee-rotic brain tissues treatment was significantly lower than that of simple standard large craniotomy decompression treat-ment group [15.0% (6/40) vs 10.0% (4/40)] after 15 days (P<0.05 ). The prognosis excellent rate ( good + re-sidual) of the group using standard large Craniotomy decompression and removal of necrotic brain tissues treatment was significantly higher (60.0%) than that of simple standard large craniotomy decompression treatment group (40.0%) after six months (P<0.05 ). Conclusion The operations of standard large craniotomy decompression and removal of necrotic brain tissues can effectively reduce the intracranial hypertension of malignant brain swelling after trauma injury,and reduce mortality and morbidity of severe brain injury.

OBJECTIVETo explore seroepidemiological status and vaccine coverage of hepatitis B among drug users in Xi'an.

METHODS545 drug users in the Xi'an Compulsory Detoxification Center were asked to answer questionnaire and provide blood sample (3-5 ml) for test of HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs from March to June 2013. Totally, 545 subjects were surveyed and tested. All of them effectively completed the survey.

RESULTSThe positive rates of HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs were 29.4% (160/545), 60.0% (327/545) and 56.1% (306/545), respectively. Eighty five subjects (15.6%) were negative for all of the three markers. The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBc among injection drug users were 40.0% (94/235) and 65.6% (154/235), which was significantly higher than non- injection drug users' (21.6% (52/241), 58.5% (141/241)) and mixed non-injection and injection drug users ((20.3% (14/69), 46.4% (32/69)) (χ(2) = 23.518 and 9.017, respectively, P < 0.05) . The HBsAg positive rate (30.6% (153/500)) of subjects with more than once per day of drug using within one year was significantly higher than those who used drugs for 2-3 times per week (15.6% (7/45)) (χ(2) = 4.51, P < 0.05). Only 11.7% (64/545) of drug users had a clear history of hepatitis B vaccination. The vaccination rate of subjects (3.5% (5/141)) with primary education or below was significantly lower than those with high school (16.3% (45/276)) (χ(2) = 26.61, P < 0.05). The vaccination rate of subjects (7.8% (12/153)) over 45 years old was significantly lower than that of subjects below 30 years old (15.9% (21/132)) and 30-44 years old (11.9% (31/260)) (χ(2) = 30.36, P < 0.05). The vaccinees had a significantly higher positive rate of anti-HBs (73.4% (47/64)) than those who without vaccination (53.8% (259/481)) (χ(2) = 8.81, P = 0.003), but the positive rates of HBsAg (16.7% (11/64)) were lower than those who without vaccination (31.0% (149/481)) (χ(2) = 23.52 and 9.02, respectively;P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe HBV infection status among drug users in Xi'an was in serious condition, while a low vaccination rate was also discovered among them.

Adult ; Age Factors ; China ; epidemiology ; Drug Users ; Hepatitis B ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous ; epidemiology ; Vaccination