Oral imaging techniques have been widely and increasingly used in clinical practice.This article reviews the functions,characteristics and principles of three kinds of oral imaging instruments including panoramic x-ray unit,intraoral x-ray unit and stomatology endoscope.

Objective To study the shape differences of upper epidermal cells in leaves of medicinal plants of Swertia L. and establish the new method for identifying them. Methods The epidermis were mounted in ordinary technique, and then scanned and binarized through HPIAS-1000 image analytic system. The waveness of the anticlinal walls (SFC) and the ratio of the Ferets diameter (SLF) of upper epidermal cells were detected. The leaf epidermal cells of 21 kinds of raw materials in 12 plants of Swertia L. from various regions were examined. Results The precision and reproducibility of software system were good, and the shape characters of the upper epidermal cells of the middle lamina in the third node arising from ground are the stablest inside the same species by the magnification 20?10 under microscope. The SFC and SLF of the upper epidermal cells of the same species of plants are relatively constant, conversely that of different species of plants are obviously different and distinguishable from each other. Conclusion The proposed method is a useful technique for identifying traditional Chinese medicinal materials originated from herbs and leaves of plants. HPIAS-1000 is simple, rapid, accurate, and practical for shape analysis of upper epidermal cells of plant leaf.

It is considered that the central nervous system (CNS) is an immunologically privileged organ, but its immunological privilege is not complete, and immunological rejection may also occurred after tissue transplantation. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has developed a brand-new approach for the treatment of various CNS diseases. Despite the low immunogenicity of NSC, there are also troubles of immunological rejection. This article reviews the immunological characteristics of CNS, the mechanisms of immunological response and immunological rejection in CNS, as well as the problems of immunological rejection of NSC transplantation.

Objective To evaluate the preventive effects of dezocine on postoperative hyperalgesia in patients after remifentanil-based anesthesia.Methods One hundred ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 20-64,weighing 45-65 kg,undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy,were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n =25 each): fentanyl group (group F),low-dose dezocine group (group D1 ),medium-dose dezocine group (group D2 ) and high-dose dezocine group (group D3 ).Anesthesia was induced with midazolam,propofol,remifentanil and cisatracurium.The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation.Anesthesia was maintained with target-controlled infusion of remifentanil (target effect-site concentration 4 μg/L), intravenous infusion of propofol 4-6mg· kg-1· h-1 and intermittent intravenous injection of cisatracurium 0.03 mg/kg.Groups D1,D2 and D3 received intramuscular injection of dezocine 0.1,0.2,0.3 mg/kg at 30 min before the end of surgery respectively and group F received intravenous injection of fentanyl 1 μg/kg at 15 min before the end of surgery.The emergence time and extubation time were recorded.Visual analog scale(VAS),Bruggrmann comfort scale(BCS) and sedation and agitation scale (SAS) at immediately,1 h,2 h after emergence from anesthesia (T0,1,2),and the incidence of respiratory depression,nausea and vomiting and urinary retention after extubation were recorded.Results Compared with group F,the emergence time and extubation time were shortened,the incidence of respiratory depression and nausea and vomiting was decreased in groups D1,D2 and D3,VAS score was increased and BCS score was decreased at T0-2 in group D1,VAS score at T0 was increased,while VAS score at T1,2 and SAS score at T0-2 was decreased in groups D2 and D3 ( P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group D2,SAS score was decreased at T0-2,while the incidence of respiratory depression was increased in group D3 ( P ＜ 0.05 ).No patient showed urinary retention in the four groups.Conclusion Intramuscular injection of dezocine 0.2 mg/kg at 30 min before the end of surgery can reduce postoperative hyperalgesia with little side effects in patients after remifentanil-based anesthesia.

Objective To assess the effects of air pollution on health of traffic policemen. Methods Sampling and the analysis of air pollution were conducted according to China national standards. 214 traffic policemen were investigated. Of them 149 were working on the streets and 65 were working in the office (taken as the control). Individual respiratory symptoms occupational histories and medical records were obtained using standardized questionnaire. Results The prevalence rates of cough and expectoration excessive phlegm eyes and throat unwell fatigue in policemen working on the streets were significantly higher than that in policemen working in the office and were correlated to the level of air pollution(P

Objective To study the clinical features,treatment methods and clinical outcomes of acute tibialis posterior tendon rupture.Methods Using [(posterior tibial tendon) OR (tibialis posterior tendon)] AND (rupture OR injury OR disruption OR trauma OR tear) as the search words,we searched the PubMed database to retrieve the 19 articles involving 24 cases of acute tibialis posterior tendon rupture.The injury mechanisms,X-ray manifestations,operational findings,treatment methods and clinical outcomes were analyzed.Results The mechanisms of the fracture-related tibialis posterior tendon rupture included motor accident (50.0％,12/24),falling from a height (41.7％,10/24) and sports injury (8.3％,12/24).The tendon rupture was mostly complicated with malleolar fracture (91.7％,22/24),especially the pronation type (70.8％,17/24).Direct suture of the tendon was adopted in 91.7％ of the cases (22/24).Favorable outcomes were achieved in 95.5％ of the cases (21/24).Conclusions Acute tibialis posterior tendon rupture is mostly seen in high-energy medial malleolus fracture.The mechanism of the rupture might be tendon distraction or bone flake incision.Early operation can lead to favorable outcomes.

Objective To compare the effect of low concentration versus ultra-low concentration of ropivacaine in combination with sufentanil delivered via programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) with patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) during labour on obstetric and anesthetic outcomes.Methods Seventy-six ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ nulliparous parturients who were at full term with a singleton fetus in vertex presentation were randomized to receive 0.1 ％ ropivacaine with 0.5 μg/mL sufentanil (Group L,38 cases) or 0.06％ ropivacaine with 0.5 μg/mL sufentanil (Group UL,38 cases).Another matched 76 cases of primiparas without labor analgesia (Group C) served as controls.For primiparas received analgesia,an epidural catheter was inserted when the cervical dilatation was up to 2-3 cm.The analgesia level was controlled below T8,and VAS score was controlled below 4.Thirty minutes after analgesia started,Group L and UL received PIEB with PCEA regimen including basal infusion of 8 mL/h of ropivacaine with sufentanil,patient-controlled bolus 6 mL and lockout interval 10 minutes.The duration of labor,delivery mode,Apgar score,VAS score and anesthetic drug consumption of each group were recorded.Results The second stage of labor were not statistically different between Group UL and C.The second stage of Group L was longer than that of Group C (P＜0.05).Furthermore,with similar performance in pain score and satisfactory level at each time point,Group UL consumed much less ropivacaine than Group L (P＜0.05).The cesarean section rate,instrumental delivery rate and the Apgar score were not significantly different among the 3 groups.Conclusions While using PIEB with PCEA,0.06％ ropivacaine was capable of providing satisfactory analgesia effects for primipara and has less effects on the obstetric outcome.Therefore,it could be recommended for labour analgesia.

Objective To observe and compare the effects of four kinds of anesthetic methods on the revival time,the rate of re-dormant after revival,the total Ketamine's doses and the respiratory status after extubation,and to improve the safety of anesthesia.Method 80 cases of children with palatorrphy were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A(n=20) given Midazolam and Ketamine,group B(n=20) given Fentanyl and Ketamine,group C(n=20) given Isoflurane and Ketamine,and group D(n=20) given Sevoflurane and Ketamine.Results(1) The revival time in group D and group C shortened(D and C

Objective To study the optimum conditions for extracting total flavonoids from Acanthus illicifolius through the two extraction processes.Methods An orthogonal test of L_9 (3~4)was designed to select optimum operation conditions for extracting total flavonoids from Acanthus illicifolius through Soxhelt and ultrasonic extraction process.According to the output of total flavonoids under the different extraction conditions,which were selected as ethanol contents,extraction temperatures and extraction time for Soxhelt extraction process, and extraction time,ethanol contents and ratio of liquid to material for ultrasonic extraction process.Results The optimum conditions were established as follows:ethanol content 60%, extraction temperature 85℃and extraction time 2.5h in Soxhlet extraction process;Ethanol content 50%,extraction time 50min,ratio of liquid to material 40:1 in ultrasonic extraction process.The extraction temperature was the main factor on the Soxhlet extraction process, and the ethanol content on the ultrasonic extraction process.Conclusion The technology of ultrasonic extraction is better than that of Soxhlet extraction to extract the total flavonoids from Acanthus illicifolius.The max output of total flavonoid from Acanthus illicifolius can reach to 3.82%.