Although choledochoscope has been described as an ideal approach for cholelithiasis, larger,impacted or residual biliary duct stones could hardly be taken out. Choledochoscopic laser lithotripsy was used in 1978. At present, however, it has not wildly been applied in the biliary surgery. In this article, we reviewed the domestic and foreign literatures to state the application and prospect of choledochoscope combined with laser lithotripsy in cholelithiasis.

Objective To assess the safety and feasibility of CT-guided percutaneous argon-helium cryoablation in the treatment of adrenal tumors.Methods 1 7 patients with adrenal tumors were treated with CT-guided percutaneous argon-helium cryoablation. Three of these patients were retreated second cryoablation three months later due to the lager tumor diameters.Percutaneous tran-scatheter arterial embolization was performed in four patients because of rich blood supply before cryoablation.Continuous arterial blood pressure monitoring was performed in eight pheochromocytoma patients.Results Technical success was achieved in all pa-tients.There were no serious complications.Eight pheochromocytoma patients experienced a significant increase in systolic blood pressure and diastolic pressure when compared with the basic values (P <0.05).There were no enhancement on enhanced CT and/or up-take on FDG PET-CT in the ablated zones during the follow-up period (3-24months).Conclusion It is safety and efficacy of CT-guided percutaneous argon-helium cryoablation for adrenal tumor.It might be initial treatment of choice for the patients who were not suitable for resection.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of cyclophilin A in the foaming process of macrophages induced by free silica( SiO_2). METHODS: The human peripheral blood mononuclear cell THP-1 in the logarithmic growth phase was induced and differentiated into human macrophages with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate at 100 μg/L for 48 hours. The cells were divided into 4 groups. The cells in the blank control group were not treated. The cells in the oxidized low-density lipoprotein( ox-LDL) control group were treated with a final concentration of 50 mg/L ox-LDL. The cells of 50 mg/L SiO_2 group were treated with 50 mg/L of SiO_2 and ox-LDL. The cells of 100 mg/L SiO_2 group were treated with 100 mg/L of SiO_2 and 50 mg/L of ox-LDL. After treatment of cells for 48 h,cell viability was measured by MTS method. The lipid accumulation of cells was observed by oil red O staining and colorimetric method; the expression of cyclophilin A in cell supernatant was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the expression of cyclophilin A in the cells was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: The cell viability was the highest when the concentration of SiO_2 was 100 mg/L compared with the control and other four SiO_2groups( P < 0. 01). The cell foaming change in the 100 mg/L SiO_2 group observed by oil red O staining significantly increased compared with the blank control group. The expression of total cholesterol,free cholesterol increased in the ox-LDL control group,50 mg/L SiO_2 group and 100 mg/L SiO_2group( P <0. 05),and the cholesterol specific gravity increased( P < 0. 05) compared with the blank control group,meanwhile the expression of cyclophilin A in the cell supernatant increased( P < 0. 05),and the expression in the macrophages cells decreased( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: Cyclophilin A is involved in the foaming process of macrophages induced by SiO_2.