Objective To review the etiology of 10 201 adult patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) in China from 1979 to 2012,and to compare the reasons between the South and the North of China,and to illustrate the change in different periods.Methods Literatures containing key wordfever of unknown origin were selected in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database from 1979 to 2012.Articles were excluded if patient population were less than 100.Diagnostic criteria of FUO were confirmed by the standard of Petersdorf and Beeson in 1961.Totally 43 literatures including 10 201 patients were enrolled in this study.The period of the literatures were divided into the early,middle and later period,and the regions were partitioned into the South and the North.Results A total of 42 articles (including 9787 patients) provided the gender information with 5063 men and 4724 women.The etiologies of 10 201 FUO patients included infectious diseases (53.5％),rheumatic diseases (20.1％) and tumor (12.0％).The positive diagnostic rate was 91.8％.Tuberculosis (23.8％) was the most common reason in infectious diseases.Adult Still's disease (7.0％) was the most common cause of FUO among rheumatic diseases.Lymphoma (3.4％) was the most common tumor in FUO patients.Besides,drug-induced fever (1.7％) should also be considered.In the recent 30 years,the proportion of FUO caused by infectious diseases had decreased,rheumatic diseases and other reason had increased (P ＜ 0.05).The proportion of tumor in middle period was significantly higher than that in the early and later period (P ＜ 0.05).The negative diagnostic rate had increased (all P ＜ 0.05).The proportion of infectious diseases in North China was significantly lower than that in the South (P ＜ 0.05).The proportion of other reason was significantly higher in the North (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion In the recent 30 years,the most common cause of FUO was still infectious diseases,especially tuberculosis.

Objective To investigate the expression and distribution of leptin in pre-implantation embryo,and its effect on mouse embryo development in vitro. Methods Adult NIH female mice were superovulated and then mated with fertile males of the same strain. On the morning of 1st to 4th d of pregnancy,the oviduct and horn of uterus were dissected out and flushed with DMEM/F12 medium adequately. The embryos collected were subjected to the following procedures: ①Total RNA was isolated from embryos of each stage respectively and mRNA expression of leptin was detected by RT-PCR. ②Immunofluorescence staining was performed on blastocysts to analyze the expression and the distribution of leptin protein under laser confocal microscope. ③Eight-cell embryos were cultured in medium containing leptin antibody at various concentrations to observe the formation and hatching of blastocysts. Results ①Leptin mRNA expression was only detected in blastocyst,and no expression was detected in embryos in other stages. Leptin protein was detected in cytoplasma,membrane of trophoblastic cell and inner cell mass,however no expression was detected in cell nucleus. ②Leptin polyclonal antibody significantly inhibited formation of blastocysts (1∶400,P

Comparative,medicine is a branch of laboratory animal seiences which also cuts the first edge of the morden medical sciences.This article mainly discussed the origin of comparative medicine,its contributions to life sciences.relationships between it and laboratory animal science,its importance for life science and medical researches.Most of all.the necessarity and feasibity to teach comparative medicine for the undergraduate students were highlighted

Objective Uterine epithelial cells were isolated from pregnant mice and cultured in vitro , and exam-ined the effect of CD82 on the expression of integrin αV,β3, E-cadherin and β-catenin in the cells.Methods The uter-ine epithelial cells were primarily isolated from pregnant mouse uterus .The recombinant adenovirus containing mouse CD 82 gene which had been constructed in our lab infected the uterine epithelial cells .Immunocytochemistry was used to detect the protein expressions of integrin αV,β3, E-cadherin and β-catenin in the uterine epithelial cells , which were infected with CD82 adenovirus or not .Results 1.The purity of primary cultured cells was (93.2 ±0.6)%.2.The transfection efficiency of CD82 recombinant adenovirus was ( 92 ±4.5 )%.The adenoviral particles carrying CD 82 gene indeed ex-pressed CD82 gene and protein in the primary uterine epithelial cells after 24 hours or 48 hours.3.The uterine epithelial cells of pregnant mice on d4 expressed integrin αV, β3, E-cadherin and β-catenin.4.In contrast to the control group, when CD82 adenovirus infected cells , the uterine epithelial cells of pregnant mice on d 4 increased the expression of integrinαV,β3 and β-catenin protein, had no significant changes of E-cadherin.Conclusions CD82 may have effect on the ex-pression of integrin αV,β3 and β-catenin in mouse uterine epithelial cells before implantation .

Objective To investigate the pathogenesis of hepatogenic diabetes.Methods The fasting and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose,fasting sertum insulin,glutamate decarboxylase antibody,insulin release index (IRI)and insulin sensitivity index(ISI)Was determined and analyzed in 135 liver cirrhosis patients.Results The incidence of hepatogenic diabetes wag 39.3%(53/135)in liver cirrhosis patients.The incidence of hepatogenic diabetes in post hepatitis C liver cirrhosis patients(53.3%.16/30)was muchh igher than that in post hepatitis B liver cirrhosis patients(37.1%,26/70)and alcohofic liver cirrhosis patients(31.4%.11/35)(P＜0.01).The fasting serum insulin,IRI and the positivity rate of glutamate decarboxylase antibody was much higher in hepatogenic diabetes than that in controls(P＜0.01),and ISl was much lower than that in controls(P＜0.01).Conclusions The development of hepatogenic diabetics is relsted with the etiological factor of liver cirrhosis.Besides impairment of the hepatocellular function and insulin resistance,viral infection and immunologic derangement and so on results in impairment of beta cell of islet function.Relative or absolute deficiency of insulin secretion is an important influential factor in the development of hepatogenic diabetics.

Objective To determine risk factors and treatments of capillary leak syndrome (CLS) in infants with congenital heart disease(CHD)after extracorporeal bypass (GBP) . Method A retrospective study of 38 infants with CIS and another 150 cases without CLS of a random choice who underwent extracoiporeal bypass from June 2003 to July 2007 was carried out.Several risk factors with statistical significance were screened out with uni-varite logistic regression analysis, and the independent rask factors of CLS were determined with inultivariate step-wise logistic regression analysis. The outcome of CIS infants was compared with infants of control group. Results Logistic analysis showed the risk factors of CLS were the duration of GBP ( OR = 10. 353) , type of CHD ( OR = 6. 912), age ( OR = 6. 254) and temperature of CBP ( OR = 4. 151) . Of the CLS infants cohort, 10 cases underwent peritoneal dialysis and 4 cases died. Conclusions The risk factors of CLS in infants after CBP are the length of time consumed during CBP, type of CHD, age and temperature of CBP.

Objective:To study the protective effects of Shenmai injection (SMI,参麦注射液) on peritoneal mesothelial cell in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy. Methods:By using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy the morpholgical structure changes of peritoneal mesothelial cell in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy caused (chronic)renal failure model of after the peritoneal didysis of SMI were observed at the same time the levels of C3 and IgG in peritoneal dialysate were observed also. Results:The SMI could promote the recovery and proliferation of injured peritoneal mesothelial cell increase the immunity function of abdomen in rats. Conclusions:The SMI has protective effect on peritoneal cell in rats with 5/6 nepherctomg the protecive effect related to improving regional defence function in abdomen.

The Koch's triangle of 110 human hearts (adults 70, children 40) has been dissected. The morphology, relationship and landmark of the atrioventricular node were observed and measured. Muscle bundles from the interatrial septum and coronary sinus orifice above and below are connected with the node. In the children the tendon of Todaro is usually tendinous, but in the adults, its posterior part is usually muscular. Deep in the triangle, there is a pyramidal space bounded by the left and right atrial walls and the top of the interventricular septum, in which there are vessels and nerves leading to the atrioventricular nodal area. According to their construction, the Koch's triangle is divided into five parts. The functional and surgical significance of these structures has been discussed.

Objective:To elucidate the effects of calcitonin gene-re la ted peptide(CGRP) on the gene expression of osteoprotegerin(OPG) and receptor ac tivator of nuclear factor-?B ligand(RANKL) in rabbit osteoblasts. Meth ods:Osteoblasts were cultured in media containing 10 -10～10 -7 mol/L of CGRP. After 24-hour incubation,semi-quanitative RT-PCR was perfor med to detect the expression of OPG and RANKL mRNA,and with ?-actin mRNA as th e internal control. Results:CGRP increased the mRNA expressio n of OPG with the maximal effect at the concentration of 10 -8～10 -7 mol/L. CGPR downgulated the mRNA expression of RANKL dose-dependantly.C onclusion:CGRP may regulate the activities of osteoclasts by regulating gene expression of OPG/RANKL.

Objective To investigate the morphological characteristics of the autophagic structures in macrophages after phagocytosis of apoptotic lymphocytes and to explore the effects of autophagy on clearance of the apoptotic cells by macrophages. Methods Apoptosis of lymphocytes was induced with cyclophosphamide.The morphological changes of macrophages phagocytizing the apoptotic cells were viewed with a scanning electron microscope.The structural features of the autophagosome precursors,autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes in macrophages were examined with a transmission electron microscope,and the cross-section areas of the autophagic structures were measured with an image analyzer.The autophagosomes of macrophages were labeled with monodansylcaolaverine(MDC) staining and quantitated using laser scanning confocal microscopy.Results Macrophages actively phagocytized the apoptotic lymphocytes,apoptotic nuclei,apoptotic bodies and other cell debris to form heterophagosomes.When compared with the control group,numbers of autophagic cells and autophagosomes in these cells increase in the group of macrophages that engulfed the apoptotic cells.In addition,the ratios of the cross-sectional areas of the autophagic structures to that of the cytoplasm of the macrophages were greater.There were also apoptotic bodies or other cell debris in many the autophagosomes,and these autophagosomes were large and near the cell membrane.Autophagosomes containing the whole apoptotic cell or apoptotic nucleus were not observed.Conclusion The autophagic abilities of macrophages were significantly enhanced when the cells removed the apoptotic lymphocytes.Autophagy also plays an important direct or indirect roles in clearance of the apoptotic lymphocytes by macrophages.