Riboswitch is a novel type of posttranscriptional regulatory elements discovered by Breaker et al. in 2002. It can regulate gene expression by binding directly to small metabolites without the aid of protein molecules. Compared to normal protein-mediated regulation, riboswitch responds to metabolites more rapidly and sensitively. Its discovery opens a new world for RNA research. The recent advances in riboswitch researches were summarized, including crystal structure determination, mechanism and dynamics study, biosensor and antibacterial drug design. Topp et al. successfully reprogrammed E. coli to detect, follow, and precisely localize to a completely new chemical signal by using a synthetic riboswitch. This work provided new ideas for synthetic biology and artificial biology network. The advances in riboswitch 3D structure determination, reaction mechanism and dynamics provide useful information for rational drug design towards new generation of riboswitch-targeting antibacterials.

Objective To study the effects of Shoutaiwan on the STAT signal transduction pathway of CD4+ T cells in maternal-fetal interface of mice with recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA).Methods CBA/J?BALB/C mating combination and CBA/J?DBA/2 mating combination were used as normal pregnancy and RSA model respectively.Mice with RSA were randomly assigned to model group and Shoutaiwan group.After 14 days of administration,the STAT signal transduction pathway of CD4+ T cells in mice decidual and placental tissues were detected by Springbio 720 antibody microarrays.Results Shoutaiwan could increase the phosphorylation level of STAT3 and STAT6 protein in the STAT signal transduction pathway.At the same time,Shoutaiwan could decrease the phosphorylation level of STAT1 protein.Conclusion The activation of STAT3 and STAT6 signal transduction pathway might play a important role in the therapy of RSA by Shoutaiwan.

Objective To investigate the expression of human papilloma virus L1 (HPV L1)capsid protein in cervical lesions and different human papillomavirus ( HPV) subtypes, and to guide clinical triage management and best individual treatment.Methods Retrospective analysis of 2012 January to 2014 Janu-ary in Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine gynecology clinic for HPV L1 protein combined with HPV type, and liquid-based cytology test ( TCT) of 176 patients data.Results The positive expression rate of HPV L1 protein with TCT examination in the negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy ( NILM) , atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance( ASCUS) , low-grade squamous intraepithe lial lesion ( LSIL) , atypical squamous cells not except high lesion ( ASC-H) , high-grade squamous intraep-ithelial lesion ( HSIL) , and squamous-cell carcinoma ( SCC) was 28.99%, 44.19%, 64.44%, 22.22%, 12.50%, and 0, respectively.No significant differences were found between the NILM and ASCUS groups ( P >0.05) .The positive expression rate of HPV L1 protein in LSIL group was the highest, and it was sta-tistically significantly different from ASC-H and HSIL groups (χ2 =3.88,5.50, P <0.05) , and 0 expres-sion in SCC group.It suggests that the positive expression rate of HPV L1 protein decreased with the severi-ty of cervical cytology lesions.The top five diseases with positive expression of HPV L1 protein were inflam-mation (44.76%), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)Ⅰ(52.94%), CIN Ⅱ(23.81%), CIN Ⅲ(8.33%), and squamous cell carcinoma (0); no significant difference was found between inflammation group and CIN Ⅰ group ( P >0.05 ); and statistically significant difference was found between CIN Ⅰgroup and CINⅡ, CINⅢgroup (χ2 =4.53,5.56, P <0.05), and 0 expression in SCC group.It sug-gests that the positive expression rate of HPV L1 protein increased with the increased level of cervical le-sions.The positive expression rate of HPV L1 protein in top five frequency of HPV infection was 60.78%in multiple infection, 17.65%in type 16, 50%in type 52, 66.67%in type 58, and 12.5%in type 18, re-spectively.The expression rate of HPV L1 protein of Type 16 infection was significantly lower than that of type 52, type 58 infection and multi infection(χ2 =4.15, P <0.05, χ2 =7.88,15.44, P <0.01).The positive expression rate of HPV L1 protein of type 18 infection was lower than the other three, but significant differences occurred only compared to multiple infection(χ2 =4.70, P <0.05).The rest had no significant difference( P >0.05) .Conclusions Detection of HPV L1 protein is of clinical value to evaluate the risk of cervical lesions.HPV L1 protein combined with HPV type and TCT detection is helpful for traffic man-agement and personalized treatment, and benefit patients with cervical lesions.

Objective:For further investigating the diagnostic value of the ECochG in Meniere's disease.Method:112 vertigo patients including Meniere's disease, sudden deafness, cervical vertigo and other vertigo dis-ease, had been done ECochG,glycerol test,audiometry and caloric test. The results were compared with those ofnormal group. Result:In Meniere's disease,the positive rate of abnormal－SP/AP in ECochG was 54.69% andthe positive rate of glycerol test was 53.12％. There are no statistics difference ( P ＞0.05) between this twotests with X analysis. Conclusion :We think that the glycerol test and other relative examination are necessary forthe diagnosis of Meniere's disease while the－SP/AP >0.4 ms in the examination of ECochG.

Objective To investigate the effect of hypertonic saline on TNF-а, IL-1β, S-100β level following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats and explore the mechanisms involved. Methods Ninety rats were randomized equally into 4 groups,namely the pseudo-operated group (A group),untreated IR injury group (B group),C group (4.2% hypertonic saline) and D group (7.5% hypertonic saline). Cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h followed by administration of the corresponding treatments in group C and D. After 22 h of reperfusion , TNF-а, IL-1β, S-100βexpression in the ischemic brain tissue were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results After hypcrtonic saline treatment, the two saline-treated groups showed significant reduction in TNF-а、IL-1β、S-100β levels , but were still higher than pseudo-operated group(A group). Compared with B group, significant difference can be seen among C and D group. Conclusion Hypcrtonic saline can reduce cerebral TNF-а、IL-1β、S-100βlevel of isehemia-reperfusion injury.

Objective To study the X-ray characteristic of non-bacterial infectious pneumonia in children.Methods In 218 cases of non-bacteria infectious pneumonia, the pathogenic agents included influenza virus,parainfluenza virus,respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),adenovirus,mycoplasma(MYCO) and chlamydia.Of them,mono-pathogenic infection were 152,mixed infection were 66.All the cases had chest conventional radiograph,129 cases were followed up for 2 times or more.The average period of the follow up were 7 days.The findings of chest conventional radiograph were analysed.Results The radiographic features included lung marking heavy 197,disorder 187,straight 105 and obscure 194;pulmonary hilum enlarged 91,hilum obscure 93,emphysema 82,point opacities 81,pulmonary radio-translucent diminution 34,patch opacities 33.In 129 cases followed up the lesions were perfectly absorbed 9(6.97%),partly absorbed 56(43.41%),non-absorbed 53(41.08%),progress 7(5.42%).Conclusion The absorbed period of non-bacteria infectious pneumonia is more 7 days.There are some radiographic characteristcs in RSV and MYCO pneumonia.

Objective To explore the clinical characters and the relationship between prognosis and treatment in childhood acute non-lymphocytic leukemia(ANLL).Method We summarized and analyzed the cases with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia in children patients from our hospital admission between Jan 2003 and Sep 2007.Results ①The M1,M2 subtype of childhood ANLL were about 37.1%;the clinical situation was various;extramedullary infiltration was not uncommon;②A totle complete remission(CR)rate was 68.6% and the CR rate of one course chemotherapy was 40.1%;③The CR rate of acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL)was 87.5% and a average of continues CR(CCR)was 33 months after the treatment of ATRA combined with As2O3;④Among five patients finished all the courses of high dose Ara-c(HDAra-c)intensification therapy,three were CCR over 36 months.Conclusion ①The CR rate of one course chemotherapy was correlated to the intensity of treatment;②The treatment of As2O3 can help to lower the relapse of APL and enhance the event-free survival(EFS);③The treatment of HDAra-c can help to increase the EFS rate of childhood ANLL.

Aim To investigate the effects of chloride on the injury of the ventricular myocytes from anoxia-reoxygenation. Methods Under the conditions of anoxia-reoxygenation injury, primary cultured rat ventricular myocytes were treated with 4-acetanide- 4′-isothiocya- natostilbene -2,2′-disulfonic acid (SITS),4,4′,-dii sothiocya-nostilbene-2,2′-disulfonicacid (DIDS) or replaced Cl~- with equimolar gluconate, respectively. Then the cell viability and the contents of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the media were measured. Results The release of LDH and MDA was significantly increased in the anoxia-reoxygenation group, while the cell viability and the activity of SOD, GSH-Px decreased significantly compared with those in the control group. In both Cl~--free+ A-R group and SITS+A-R group, LDH and MDA release was noticeably lower than those of the A-R group, while the cell viability and the activity of SOD, GSH-Px significantly increased compared with those in the anoxia-reoxygenation group. But the cell viability and the contents of LDH, MDA, SOD and GSH-Px in the DIDS+A-R group had no significant change compared with those in the anoxia-reoxygenation group.Conclusion Cl~- plays an important role in anoxia reoxygenation injury. SITS provides effective protection to the cardiac myocyte subjected to anoxia reoxygenation injury, while DIDS cannot provide such protection.

Objective To observe the influence of several kinase pathways such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( ERK) , and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 ( p38MAPK) on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway activated by Fructus Schisandrae extracts (FSE) . Methods HepG2 cells were treated by FSE for 24 hours after pretreatment with protein kinase inhibitors for 2 hours. The mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 and downstream target genes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD (P) H quinine oxidoreductase 1(NQO1), P-glycoprotein ( P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 ( MRP2) were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) , and their protein expression levels and Nrf2 nuclear translocation were measured by Western blotting method. Results RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA expression levels of HO-1, NQO1, P-gp and MRP2 activated by FSE in HepG2 cells were inhibited by PD98059, SB203580 and Rottlerin, and the mRNA expression of Nrf2 was suppressed only by SB203580 and Rottlerin. Western blotting results showed that the mRNA expression levels of HO-1 and P-gp activated by SCE in HepG2 cells were inhibited by PD98059, SB203580 and Rottlerin. In addition, the protein expression of Nrf2 in HepG2 cytoplasm was increased by the above three inhibitors, and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was inhibited by PD98059 and SB203580. Conclusion The mechanism of FSE activating Nrf2 pathway may be associated with the increase of Nrf2 nuclear translocation through the direct phosphorylation of Nrf2 induced by ERK and p38MAPK.

Objective To explore the relationship between tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphisms in donors and recipients and the incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host diseases (aGVHD) after unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alIo-HSCT). Methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TNFα-238 (G/A), TNFα-857 (C/T), TNFα-863 (C/A), TNFα-1031 (T/C), TNFβ + 252 (A/G) were analyzed by Multiplex SNaPshot analysis in 76 pairs of donors and recipients. Results Transplantation involving donors with TNFα-857 CC genotype resulted in a higher incidence of grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD than donors with CT genotype (91.3% vs 8. 7% , P =0. 039). In the 23 patients with grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD, no patients had TNFβ +252 AA genotype, 19 (82.6%) had GA genotype and 4 (17.4%) had GG genotype. There was a significant difference in the distribution pattern of the TNFβ +252 (AA, GA and GG) genotypes in these patients (P =0.03). There was no significant association of TNFα-238 (G/A), TNFα-863 (C/A) and TNFα-1031 (T/C) polymorphisms with the risk of aGVHD. Conclusion These results suggest donor TNFα-857 CC genotype is related to a higher incidence of grade Ⅱ -Ⅳ aGVHD, and patients with TNFβ +252 AA genotype have protection against the risk of grade Ⅱ -Ⅳ aGVHD.