Aim To study the preventive and therapeutic effects of Buyang Huanwu Decoction(BYHWD)on denervated tibial muscle atrophy of rats.Methods After 60 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to Common Peroneal nerve crush model of 5 mm injury, they were randomly divided into 6 groups for daily intragastric administration of drugs:BYHWD high-dose, medium-dose, low-dose groups, mecobalamin group(positive control), model group, sham operation group.The drug administration lasted for 18 days.18 days after operation, slice, masson staining and analysis morphology were performed. The wet weight ratio and section area of tibial muscle were also measured.Results Tibial muscle section area of sham operation group was large, morphous was regular, while that of model group significantly diminished, structure was chaotic, and connective tissue hyperplasia was more obvious;Tibial muscle section area of BYHWD group and mecobalamin group was fairly diminished, morphous was fairly regular, and connective tissue hyperplasia was not obvious.Compared with model group, the section area of BYHWD group all increased significantly(P <0.01)in a dose-dependent manner.Compared with mecobalamin group, the cross section area of BYHWD high-dose group was significantly larger(P <0.05).Compared with model group, the wet weight ratio of BYHWD high-dose and medium-dose group all increased significantly(P <0.01 or P <0.05)in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion BYHWD has a significant effect of prevention and therapy on denervated tibial muscle atrophy of rats.

Background The use of adaptive optics (AO) system in ophthalmic clinic and basic studies has increased in recent years.However,there are few reports on the stability of ocular aberrations after correction.Objective This study was to analyze the stability of aberration after correction by observing the repeatability of ocular aberration measurements.Methods Forty-one postgraduate school students and volunteers who meet the conditions were included from February to April 2014.The Zernike aberration coefficients including astigmatism (Z2-2,Z22),defocus (Z02),trefoil (Z33,Z3-3),coma (Z3-1,Z13),spherical aberration (Z40) and the value of root mean square (RMS) including 3rd-order to 7th-order aberrations,total higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and total ocular aberrations (TOAs) were measured by using AO system.The repeatability and stability of these data after corrected with AO system were analyzed.The repeatability was evaluated by ANOVA,within-subject standard deviation (Sw),repeatability (r) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC).The stability was evaluated by the nonparametric Friedman's rank test.Results AO system showed excellent repeatability on Z2-2,Z22,Z20 and TOA RMS (ICC＞ 0.9),good repeatability on Z13,Z33,Z3-3,Z40,3rd-order RMS,4th-order RMS,HOA RMS (ICC ＞ 0.75),poor repeatability on Z3-1,5th-order RMS,6th-order RMS,7th-order RMS (ICC ＜ 0.75).Repeatability (2.77 Sw) values ranged from 0.009 mm (7th-order RMS) to 0.163 mm (Z31).After low-order ocular aberrations were corrected,It was founded that Z2-2,Z22 reached stable state at the 4th second;Z02 was stable at the 6th second;Z3-3 and Z33 reached stable state at the 4th second and third second,separately;Z13 was stable from 3rd-second to 9th-second,Z3-1 was stable at the 4th-second.Z40 and HOA RMS were stable at the third second and fifth second,respectively.The Z2-2,Z02,Z22,Z3-3,Z3-1,Z33,Z40 and HOA RMS were significantly different among different time points before and after low-order aberrations correction (all at P ＜ 0.05).Z2-2,Z22,Z20 reached stable state at the 4th-second,3rd-second and 5th-second,respectively;Z3-3,Z33 reached stable state at the 2nd-second and 3rd-second,respectively;Z3-1and Z40 reached stable state at the 2nd-second;HOA RMS reached stable state at the 5th-second.Conclusions After correcting the human ocular aberration,different aberrations can reach stable state at different time.The time of Z02,Z22,Z3-3,Z3-1,Z40reaching stable state after 2nd-order to 5th-order ocular aberrations correction was earlier than those of lower-order aberrations correction.

Currently three dimensional bio-printing technology has become one of the hot topics for tissue engineering tracheal grafting.Different biomaterials have their own performance advantages in the preparation and regeneration of tracheal scaffolds.It is particularly imperative to seek natural or polymeric materials with excellent profiles of printability, structural stability and biocompatibility to enable neo-cartilage formation, neo-epithelialization and neo-vascularization of tissue engineering trachea grafting.This review summarized the shortcomings and challenges of classifying and applying materials for three dimensional bio-printing tissue engineering trachea, aiming to provide new rationales for researches and applications of tissue engineering tracheal grafting.

BACKGROUND:For the replacement treatment of long-segment tracheal defects,although tissue engineering research has made some progress in recent years,it is still not perfect,and one of the biggest difficulties is that the hemodynamic reconstruction of the tracheal replacement cannot be achieved rapidly. OBJECTIVE:To preliminarily explore the potential of polycaprolactone scaffolds modified with exosome-loaded hydrogels to construct a rapidly vascularized tracheal substitute. METHODS:Exosomes were extracted from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of SD rats.After preparation of hyaluronic acid methacrylate solution,the exosome solution was mixed with hyaluronic acid methacrylate solution at a volume ratio of 1:1.Hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogels loaded with exosomes were prepared under ultraviolet irradiation for 5 minutes.The degradation of exosome-unloaded hydrogels and the controlled release of exosome-loaded hydrogels were detected.Polycaprolactone scaffolds were prepared by 3D printing.The pure hyaluronic acid methacrylate solution and the exosome-loaded hyaluronic acid methacrylate solution were respectively added to the surface of the scaffold.Hydrogel-modified scaffolds and exosome-modified scaffolds were obtained after ultraviolet irradiation.Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups with 10 rats in each group and subcutaneously implanted with simple scaffolds,hydrogel-modified scaffolds and exosome-modified scaffolds,respectively.At 30 days after surgery,the scaffolds and surrounding tissues of each group were removed.Neovascularization was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining and the expression of CD31 was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)As time went by,the hydrogel degraded gradually,and the exosomes enclosed in the hydrogel were gradually released,which could be sustained for more than 30 days.The exosome release rate was faster than the degradation rate of the hydrogel itself,and nearly 20%of the exosomes were still not released after 30 days of soaking.(2)Under a scanning electron microscope,the surface of the simple polycaprolactone scaffold was rough.After hydrogel modification,a layer of gel was covered between the pores of the scaffold,and the scaffold surface became smooth and dense.(3)After 30 days of subcutaneous embedding,hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining showed that more neovascularization was observed inside the scaffolds of the exosome-modified scaffold group compared with the hydrogel-modified scaffold group.The hydrogels on the scaffolds of the two groups were not completely degraded.Immunofluorescence staining showed that CD31 expression in the exosome-modified scaffold group was higher than that in the hydrogel-modified scaffold group(P<0.000 1).(4)These results indicate that hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogels can be used as controlled-release carriers for exosomes.The 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffold modified by hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogel loaded with exosomes has good biocompatibility and has the potential to promote the formation of neovascularization.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical features of patients with gallbladder cancer from 17 hospitals in 5 Northwestern provinces (autonomous region) of China from 2009 to 2013.

METHODSA total of 2 379 cases with gallbladder cancer in 17 tertiary hospitals from 5 Northwestern provinces of China from January 2009 to December 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical data was collected by standardized "Questionnaire for Clinical Survey of Gallbladder Cancer in Northwestern Area of China". χ² test was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS(1) Gallbladder cancer from 17 hospitals accounted for 1.6%-6.8% of all bile tract diseases from 2009 to 2013 in Northwestern China, average was 2.7%. Gallbladder cancer accounted for 0.4%-0.9% of abdominal surgery, average was 0.7%. (2) The incidence of gallbladder cancer was higher in the aged females, the ration of female to male was 1.0 to 2.1. The average age of gallbladder cancer was (64 ± 11) years. The occupation of patients was mainly farmers (χ² = 147.10, P < 0.01). (3) 57.2% of the gallbladder cancers were associated with gallstones. (4) The main pathological patterns of gallbladder cancer were moderate and poor differentiated adenocarcinoma, showing an aggressive malignancy. TNM stage IV accounted for 55.1% of all cases, which was associated with the poor prognosis. (5) The curative resection rate was 30.4%.

CONCLUSIONSGallbladder cancer is common in the aged females and mainly at advanced stage. The screening and follow-up of high-risk groups with ultrasound and other methods regularly could increase the early diagnosis rate of gallbladder cancer, aggressive surgical resection combined with other comprehensive treatment could improve the prognosis of patients.

Adenocarcinoma ; epidemiology ; pathology ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; pathology ; Gallstones ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies

Objective To investigate the genetic association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)using bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR),as well as the causal relationship between NAFLD and T2DM across different body mass index(BMI)categories.Methods The data were derived from genome-wide association studies conducted in European populations,with a sample size of 32 941 cases for NAFLD,312 646 cases for T2DM,and 681 275 cases for BMI.The univariate and multivariate MR methods were used to assess the bidirectional causal relationship between NAFLD and T2DM in the general population and across different BMI subtypes.The methods of inverse-variance weighting,MR-Egger regression,constrained maximum likelihood and model averaging,and weighted median were used to conduct the MR analysis,and MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier,radial MR,the MR-Egger intercept method,and the Cochrane Q test were used for sensitivity analysis.Results The univariate MR analysis revealed a bidirectional causal relationship between NAFLD and T2DM in the general population(forward analysis:odds ratio[OR]=9.75,95%confidence interval[CI]:2.57-37.00,P＜0.001;reverse analysis:OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00-1.01,P＜0.01).After adjustment for BMI,the multivariate MR analysis showed that the causal relationship between NAFLD and T2DM remained significant in the general population(OR=33.12,95%CI:7.57-144.95,P＜0.000 1).The subgroup analysis showed a causal relationship between NAFLD and T2DM across all BMI subtypes(lean subgroup:OR=12.19,95%CI:3.35-44.40,P＜0.001;overweight subgroup:OR=4.30,95%CI:1.69-10.92,P＜0.01;obese subgroup:OR=1.67,95%CI:1.14-2.44,P＜0.01).Conclusion This study reveals the causal relationship between NAFLD and T2DM in the general population of NAFLD and across different BMI subtypes from a genetic perspective.

Objective To study topological structure of a new type of three-dimensional (3D) printed height increasing insoles for leg length discrepancy (LLD) and its effect on biomechanics of lower limbs. Methods Topological structure for middle and rear part of the insole was optimized by solid isotropic microstructures with penalization (SIMP), the force was loaded and the boundary conditions were set according to force area of the insole, and the height increasing insole with thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) materials was printed by selected laser sintering (SLS). The insoles were used in 9 patients with LLD, visual analogue scale (VAS) and Maryland foot function scores were used to compare pain and foot function changes of patients before and after using the insole, and the 3D gait analysis system was used to compare spatiotemporal parameters and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) of both lower limbs. Result sAfter the patient wore 3D printed insole, VAS scores decreased, Maryland foot function scores increased, vGRF of both lower limbs decreased, and the difference of cadence, stance phase and swing phase in both lower limbs decreased. Conclusions The 3D printed height increasing insole after topology optimization can improve coordination of lower limb movement, reduce ground impact, relieve pain and improve foot function, thus providing an effective personalized orthopedic plan for LLD treatment in clinic.