Objective To introduce the general international method for estimation of lifetime risk of developed cancer,and to estimate the lifetime risk baseline values of several kinds of cancers related to radiation exposures in China.Methods The risk estimation was based on the data from Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report (2010) and China Population & Employment Statistics Yearbook (2009),and made according to the method previously published by National Cancer Institute (NCI) in USA.Results The lifetime risk of all cancer in China in 2007 was estimated to be 27.77％,that of lung cancer 5.96％,that of breast cancer for female 3.34％,that of all leukemia 0.14％,that of thyroid cancer 0.37％.The lifetime risks of all cancer were estimated to be 32.74％ for males and 24.73％ for females,and that was 36.47％ for urban residents and 26.79％ for rural people.Conclusions The lifetime risk of all cancer for males in 2007 was about 1.25 times as much as that for females.The value of all cancer for urban residents was about 1.35 times as much as that for rural residents.The lifetime risk of developed cancers in 2007 in China is lower than that in the developed countries,such as Japan.

Objective To provide the dose information from the epidemiological cohort established in 1980 in Jiangsu province using normalized workload method,and to estimate cumulative skin dose to medical diagnostic X-ray workers based on personal dosimeter were worn as members of the epidemiologicat cohort.Methods Data for fixed cohort members of X-ray exposure history from 1950 to June 2011 were collected.According to correction factors such as examination types and protection conditions,exposure doses from 1950s to June of 2011 were estimated through a Visual Basic language program.Results Average annual doses vary significantly between during different time periods:10.1 (6.1-12.3) mGy/year during 1950-1965,3.5 (2.1-5.4) mGy/year for 1966-1984 and 1.3 (0.9-1.9) mGy/year during 1985-2011,respectively.Conclusions Average annual doses received by 3 961 medical diagnostic X-ray workers during different time periods in this investigation are nearly consistent with the results reported previously and show a roughly similar trend.

Objective To ascertain the frequency distribution of CT examinations in children.Method A wide range of information was collected through the radiology information system (RIS),including ID,sex,birth date,examination time,the examined part of body and other relevant ones related to children who underwent CT examinations between Jan 1,2012 and Dec 31,2012.The SAS software was used for data processing and statistical analysis.Results A total of 1 542 children underwent 1 670 examinations,of which 67％ were male.Head CT examination was the most frequent,accounting for 71.9％ of all CT examinations,and followed by the abdomen/pelvis examinations.The number of examinations of children undergoing the repetitive examination accounted for 6.4％; 51.7％ of the examinations was for trauma.The positive rate of CT examination was 51％,dependent upon the age and examined body parts to some extent.The younger patients had lower positive rate,and the positive rate of head CT examination was lower than those in other parts.Conclusions To reduce the possible cancer risk to be induced by the ionizing radiation from CT,justification of CT examination should be considered for children.

Purpose To develop a national registry and reporting system of individual monitoring for workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation.Methods In accordance with the relevant law,regulations,standards and the current health supervision practice for radiation workers in China,to ensure more effective collection of information on individual monitoring from all levels of service providers across the country and an easy query and analysis of the collected information for both service providers and administrative institutions,the register consisted of an offline-system and a web-based information system.The off-line system consisted of 8 tables,which could easily make annual and period monitoring reports,and upload individual monitoring data in compressed and encrypted format.Web-based system consisted of 6 modules,could easily make S customized tabulations of monitoring data and show 2 trend figures.SSLVPN secure remote access was used in the system.Arranged by the Ministry of Health,training courses provided to all individual monitoring service providers and provincial administrative institutions.Results A new and individual-based national register and reporting system of individual monitoring for workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation was successfully developed,and would be officially run soon.Conclusions The establishment and running of the register would be great improvement on the national radiological health reports and produce a far-reaching impact on the individual monitoring in China.

Objective:To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) trajectories in children and adolescents and subclinical renal damage (SRD) in adulthood.Methods:4 623 participants aged 6-18 years old were recruited from the ongoing cohort of Hanzhong adolescent hypertension study in 1987, and the subjects were followed up in 1989, 1992, 1995, 2005, 2013 and 2017, respectively. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify distinct BMI trajectories in longitudinal analysis. Generalized linear model was applied to examine the association between different BMI trajectories and SRD incidence in adulthood.Results:A total of 2 678 subjects from childhood to adulthood were enrolled in this study. All subjects were divided into three groups according to three distinct BMI trajectories: low-increasing BMI group ( n=1 017), moderate-increasing BMI group ( n=1 353), and high-increasing BMI group ( n=308). Over follow up for 30 years, a total of 248 participants (9.3%) developed SRD. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) in low to high-increasing BMI group was 0.9(0.6, 1.4), 1.0(0.7, 1.7), 1.6(0.8, 3.2), respectively ( P trend<0.001), and estimated glomerular filtration rate was 98.5(87.6, 111.6) , 96.2(86.4, 109.7), 95.3 (87.5, 125.0) ml·min -1·(1.73 m 2) -1, respectively ( P trend=0.025). The generalized linear model analysis showed that uACR was increased linearly from low to high-increasing BMI group [ β=3.16(95% CI 1.02-5.31), Ptrend=0.004]. There was no correlation or linear trend between BMI trajectory and estimated glomerular filtration rate [ β=-2.30(95% CI-5.18-0.57), Ptrend=0.117]. Compared with the low-increasing BMI group, the high-increasing BMI group had greater odds of experiencing SRD in adulthood after adjusting for multiple confounders such as age, gender, medical history and lifestyle ( OR=2.83, 95% CI 1.84-4.36, Ptrend<0.001). Conclusions:Higher BMI trajectorie is correlated with higher level of uACR and risk of SRD in middle age. Identifying long-term BMI trajectorie from early age may assist in predicting individuals′ renal function in later life.

Objective To analyze the biomechanical feasibility of two-point fixation by distal radius plate for the treatment of SandersⅢ calcaneal fractures. Methods The three-dimensional (3D) finite element musculoskeletal foot model was established based on CT and MRI images, which comprised bones, muscles, plantar fascia, ligaments and soft tissues. After validation, the SandersⅢ calcaneal fracture models fixed by distal radial plate (two-point fixation) and calcaneal plate (three-point fixation) were established, so as to compare the biomechanical characteristics of two calcaneal models. Results The maximum stress of the two-point fixation and three-point fixation model was 324.70 and 407.90 MPa, respectively. The maximum displacements of the two models were 2.498 and 2.541 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference in the posterior articular surface displacement between the two models. In both models, the Bohler’s angle and Gissane’s angle were within the normal range. Conclusions The two-point fixation by distal radial plate can satisfy the biomechanical stability of calcaneal fracture treatment. Compared with traditional steel plate, the two-point fixation shows the advantage of smaller surgical trauma, more uniform overall stress distribution, early weight-bearing rehabilitation after surgery, which is a novel treatment recommended for treating calcaneal fractures.

【Objective】 Based on our previously established salt-sensitive hypertension cohort, we conducted chronic salt loading and potassium supplementation interventions, aiming to examine the association between genetic variants in renalase and blood pressure (BP) responses to dietary interventions of salt and potassium intake. 【Methods】 In 2004, 514 subjects from 126 families were recruited in Shaanxi Province to establish the salt-sensitive hypertension study cohort. Among them, 334 non-parent subjects were selected and sequentially maintained on a low-salt diet for 7 days, then a high-salt diet for 7 days and a high-salt diet with potassium supplementation for another 7 days. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the renalase gene were genotyped on the MassARRAY platform. 【Results】 SNP rs2576178 of the renalasegene was significantly associated with systolic BP (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to low-salt intervention (SBP: β=-2.730, P<0.05; MAP: β=-1.718, P<0.05). In addition, SNP rs12356177 was significantly associated with diastolic BP response to low-salt diet (β=-1.608, P<0.05). However, we did not find any association for the renalase SNPs with BP response to high-salt diet with potassium supplementation reached nominal statistical significance. 【Conclusion】 Genetic variants in renalase gene are significantly associated with BP response to low-salt diet, suggesting that renalase may be mechanistically involved in BP salt-sensitivity.