To investigate the effects of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) which was secreted from the fresh leukemic cells of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and recombinant human GM-CSF(rhGM-CSF) on the apoptosis of the primary incubative AML cells,the level of GM-CSF was measured by means of radioimmunoassay,the DNA ladder was detected by using DNA electrophoresis,and the percentage of apoptotic cells,percentage of expression and the mean fluorescence intensity(MFI) of bcl-2 were respectively assayed by means of flow cytomtric analysis.After the fresh leukemic cells from 5 cases were incubated for 24 hours,GM-CSF in 3 of 5 cases were seen,their percentage of apoptotic cells was less than the other 2 cases,and the MFI of bcl-2 in the 3 of 5 cases was obviously enhanced.After the fresh leukemic cells were treated with cytarabine (Ara-C) 5?g/ml in combination with rhGM-CSF 5?g/ml for 24 hours,the percentage of apoptotic cells was more than the cells treated with Ara-C alone and it upward to (56 4?7 4)%(p

The arterial supply of the lower end of the human femur in 100 specimens, ranging in age from the newborn to 87 years, was studied by the perfusion method. Its blood supply is derived from the medial and lateral superior genicular arteries, the descending genicular artery and the middle genicular artery. A complete extracapsular anastomotic ring, surrounding the supracondylar portion of the lower end of the femur, is formed by the medial and lateral superior genicular arteries and the descending genicular artery in 55?4.97%. Its incomplete anterior part is linked by the periosteal arterial network in 45?4.97%. The vessels at the metaphyseal side of the growth plate end in a brush-like pattern, intimately connected to the hypertrophic layer of cells of the growth plate, each vessel turning back in a sharp loop. The anterior and posterior metaphyseal arteries which arise from the extracapsular anastomotic ring and network supply the supracondylar area. The medial and lateral epiphyseal arteries, arising respectively from the descending genicular artery and both superior genicular arteries, supply the medial part of the medial condyle and the lateral part of the lateral condyle. The anterior and intercondylar epiphyseal arteries, arising respectively from the periosteal network and the mildle genicular artery, supply the intercondylar area. The epiphyseal arteries which anastomose with each other in the ossific area of the epiphysis form the precapillaries and capillary network. The anastomotic branches between the epiphyseal arteries, ranging from 25 to 100 microns in diameter, form the arterial plexus in the epiphysis. With the closure of the epiphyseal plate, a free anastomosis is established between the metaphyseal and the epiphyseal vessels. The clinical significance of the topographical characteristics, the course and the distribution of the arterial supply to the lower end of the femur were discussed.

The arterial supply of the human scaphoid was studied in 166 specimens ofhands from fresh cadavers of different ages ranging from 6(1/2)months of gestationto 89 years old by injection and clearing techniques.The scaphoid receives its bloodsupply mainly from the radial artery and its superficial palmar branch.There aretwo groups of nutrient arteries,the dorsal and the volar nutrient arteries,enteringthe scaphoid.The dorsal group of arteries which supplies the proximal 70% to 80%of the scaphoid is the main contributor to the intraosseous blood supply.The volargroup of arteries only supplies the distal 20% to 30% of the bone.An explanationfor the cause of scaphoid necrosis following fracture on the basis of the vascularitywas proposed.

In vitro diagnostic technology is an important aid for disease prevention,treatment,and prognostic monitoring.The de-velopment of its new technologies,methods and products is of great significance for improving medical quality and protecting public health.On the basis of exploring the mechanism of health impact of in vitro diagnostic technology,it takes dry chemical method and wet chemical method as an example,and compares the economy of the two diagnostic technologies for hyperkalemia diagnosis from the perspective of health system,with a view to draw references for the practical application and evaluation of new in vitro diagnostic techniques,methods and products in the future.