In this paper, a method for dose calculation with pencil beam kernels constructed by point kernel superposition was proposed to accelerate the dose calculation during intensity optimization iteration. With this method, the direct aperture optimization method can be integrated in the planning system based on point kernel convolution/superposition model. The dose calculation time was also reduced during the iteration. From the result of the phantom and clinical patient data test, it was concluded that this method could be used for the intensity optimization of iteration dose calculation as the satisfied precision due to the optimization result coherence obtained. By implementing the method in the planning system product based on point kernel convolution/superposition model, a lot of additional research and development works for the pencil beam dose calculation model as well as the product maintenance cost can be avoided.
Algorithms ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Radiotherapy Dosage ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted ; Software

Objective To review the prevalence of nosocomial infection and the change of drug resistance in a comprehensive intensive care unit (ICU) and to provide theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment.Methods The strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated from ICU and their drug resistance was retrospectively analyzed from Jan.1st,2010 to Dec.31th,2011.Results The main pathogen of nosocomial infection were Gram-negative bacteria ( 73.3％ ),Gram-positive bacteria ( 17.9％ ) and fungi ( 8.7％ ).In bacterial infection,Gram-negative and G-positive bacteria accounted for 80.3％ and 19.7％ respectively.In Gram-negative bacteria,pseudomonas aeruginosa was the major type (21.7％).In Gram-positive bacteria,staphylococcus aureus (31.4％) was most prominent.Drug resistance of bacteria was severe,while that of fungi was mild.Conclusion Bacteria has severe drug resistance and exhibits multi-drug resistance for commonly used antibiotics.The principle of antibiotics application should be mastered and antibiotics should be chosen according to drug-sensitivity tests.

Now the layer-by-layer self-assembling (LbL) technique has become an attention-getting reparative methodology for ultrathin film formation. Many scientists in different academic areas including bioengieering, medical science, drug controlled release, optoelectronics dive into this technology. Among of them, carriers with structures which can be flexibly controlled are more useful since functional structure units can be assembled in layer-by-layer fashion, which is simplicity, chemical mildness, concealment, can achieve targeted drug delivery and so on. In this review, we have discussed the advantage, development, influential factors and applications of LbL. We have focused on reviewing the applications and perspective of nanoparticles, microgels and capsules were both fabricated via the LbL assembling at drug delivery.

Objective To discuss the clinical effect of combination therapy under the theory of "treating soft tissue for bone disease" on knee osteoarthritis.Methods The 160 cases were randomly divided into control group(80 cases) and experimental group(80 cases).The control group was treated by diclofenac sodium sustained release capsules(per os) and sodium hyaluronate(intra-joint injection).The experimental group was treated by traction,steaming and washing,massage,needle-knife therapy,manipulation on soft tissues for loosening the joint,and orthepedic insoles.The course of treatment was 3 weeks.The effect was evaluated according to Lysholm Score,knee movement and subjective satisfaction after the follow-up for 6 months.Results Of the 154 cases completed the study(control group 75 cases and experimental group 79 cases),the Lysholm Score and knee movement had a very significant improvement(P

Objective: The similarities and the differences among Peru's Ginseng healthcare product, Radix Ginseng and Panax quinquefolium were studied. Methods: The work was performed by analysis of HPLC FPS and 4 dimensional UV FPS. Results: Their 4 dimensional UV FPS were very similar with each other, and the common peaks ratio of the components extracted from Peru's Ginseng healthcare product, Radix Ginseng with absolute alcohol was larger than that of the components extracted from Peru's Ginseng healthcare product and Panax quinquefolium. The variant ratio between the healthcare product and Radix Ginseng were more similar and much lower than that between the healthcare product and Panax quinquefolium. Conclusion: The components extracted from the healthcare product with absolute alcohol are the same as that from Radix Ginseng and are of quite large difference from the components from Panax quinquefolium.

Pulsed drug delivery(PDD),which can be released at well-defined time points as the therapy needs,can decrease the frequency and avoid taking drug at night,thus improving patient compliance.Here we introduce three kinds of programmed PDD systems independent of external chemical triggering;they are divided according to the triggering mechanisms:degradation-triggered PDD,osmotic pressure-triggered PDD,and both degradationi and osmotic pressure-triggered PDD.This paper reviews preparing technique,release mechanisms and influencing factors of the three PDD systems.The release profiles of pulsatile PDD can be regulated for different therapeutic needs,requiring no external triggers;especially that the PDD system triggered by both degradation and osmotic pressure has a bright future.

Objective To study the hemodynamics during closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCCPR) in dogs in order to unravel the mechanism. Method Twelve healthy mongrel dogs were selected to make animal model of ventricular fibrillation induced by electric shock on the chest wall. Closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCCPR) was initiated four minutes after ventricular fibrillation appeared according to American Heart Guidelines in 2005 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Rescue. After CPR for 2 minutes, 1mg epinephrine was injected intravenously. The central venous pressure (CVP), the aortic pressure (AOP)and the invasive electrocardiogram (ECG) were used to monitor continuously before ventricular fibrillation and the entire course of CPR. The coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated. The changes in aortic diastolic pressure (ADP) and CPP produced by chest compression or the injection of epinephrine were analyzed. The aortic pressure and the central venous pressure were recorded simultaneously during CPR. A chart was made and the CPP was calculated with the software Chart5Ch. The hemodynamic changes produced by the administration of epinephrine were studied. Data were analyzed with paired Student t test. P ＜ 0.05 was considered as a significant difference. Results Two kinds of hemodynamic effects of CPR were observed. In 8 dogs (8/12) , the aortic pressure changed synchronously with the CVP, and the CPP was almost zero, and in other 4 dogs (4/12), the aortic pressure increased and the CVP remained unchanged with presence of the CPP. After the administration of epinephrine, the AOP and the CPP increased significantly. The Aortic systolic pressure(ASP) increased from (66± 14) mmHg to(107 ± 28) mmHg, (P = 0. 001). The Aortic diastolic pressure (ADP) increased from (25 ±2.2) mmHg to(45 ± 13) mmHg (P =0.001). And the coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) increased from (2.8± 3.8) mmHg to (29 ± 13) mmHg (P ＜ 0.001). The 95 % confidential interval of the added value of the ASP,ADP and CPPwere (21.1-59.1), (10.2-28.3) and (16.7-35.7), respectively. Conclusions The thoracic pump mechanism is the primary role in the closed chest Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Epinephrine can increase ADP and CPP and has the capability to break the balance between aortic pressure and central venous pressure, increasing the rate of successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Objective: To prepare ibuprofen dispersible tablet and compare its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability with market tablets in rabbits. Methods: According to inspection of factors and orthogonal design, optimal formulation was decided. A randomized crossover and self control design was used. Eight healthy rabbits were single oral dosed with 100 mg ibuprofen dispersible tablet or market tablet, respectively. The plasma drug concentration was determined by HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by 3P87 program and the bioequivalence was assessed by NDST5.0 program. Results: A one compartment open model was adopted and the pharmacokinetic parameters of dispersible tablet and market tablet were as follows: c max were (9.79?2.25) and (4.54?1.50) ?g/ml; t max were (0.27?0.07) and (2.03?0.53) h; t 1/2 were (6.65? 2.14) and (9.17?4.38) h; AUC 0~∞ were (94.11?28.38) and (65.20?18.38) ?g?h?ml -1 , respectively. Ralative bioavailability of the dispersible tablet was 164.11% compared to market tablet. Conclusion: Ibuprofen dispersible tablet is administrated easily and absorbed quickly, and its bioavailability is far more better than the market one. [

Objective: To prepare silibinin solid dispersion and measure its dissolution in vitro .Methods: Silibinin solid dispersions were obtained with urea, PVP and poloxamer188 as carriers by melting and coevaporation methods. Differential thermal analysis and powder X ray diffraction were used to determine the status of drug in carriers, and the dissolution characteristics in vitro were studied in simulated gastric juice. Results: In PVP silibinin solid dispersions drug was amorphous; in poloxamer188 silibinin solid dispersions, drug existed as fine crystal, while in urea silibinin solid dispersions most of silibinin existed as crystal, only a little as molecule. Poloxamer188 was the better carrier in improving the solution and dissolution rate of the drug. Conclusion: Poloxamer188 is a very useful carrier in improving the solubility and dissolution of silibinin. [

Objective To explore the expression of merlin and cyclins and the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of merlin in abiogenous vestibular schwannoma tissues. Methods Four paraffin imbedding vestibular Schwannoma samples were included in the study.The cyclins and merlin were analyzed by immunofluorescence at the same time,and the expression and location were synchronously observed with confocal laser microscopy(CLM) in a single schwannoma cell. Results Cyclins and merlin were perspicuously and synchronously presented in a single cell in vestibular schwannoma tissues.In early G1 phase of the tumor cell,merlin was mainly stained in the nucleus,followed by perinucleus and cytoplasm.In G1/S phase,merlin was concentrated in the perinucleus,less in the nucleus and cytoplasm.Merlin staining showed uniform distribution in the nucleus in G2/M phase,while was absent from the nucleus and concentrated in the perinucleus in late G2/M phase. Conclusion The expression of merlin and various kinds of cyclins can be synchronously presented in abiogenous vestibular schwannoma cells with immunofluorescence and CLM.Merlin is shuttling among the nucleus,cytoplasm and perinucleus along with the progression of cell cycle.