Objective To observe the expression of platelet-derived growth factor A(PDGF-A) and PDGF-?R in callus during osteoporotic fracture healing and to explore further into the mechanism or effect of PDGF-A and PDGF-?R on osteoporotic fracture healing. Methods The expression and change of PDGF-A and PDGF-?R in different period of osteoporotic fracture healing(5, 7, 14, 28, 42 days) were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry(ABC method). Results There were different cells origin (chondrocyte, osteoblast, osteocyte, vascular endothelial cell, et al) and degree of expression of PDGF-A and PDGF-?R in callus during different period of osteoporotic fracture healing. Conclusion PDGF-A moderates and participates in osteoporotic fracture healing. The decrease of osteoporotic fracture repair capacity may correlate with abnormality of PDGF-A secretion.

Objective To observe the ultrastructural alteration and healing characteristics of osteoporotic fracture, and to elucidate its cellular mode of healing. Methods Eighty female SD rats of 8 months old, which had the weight of 290 to 340 g, were randomized into two groups of 40 each: the osteoporotic fracture model(OPFM) and the common fracture model(CFM). After anesthesia, the bilateral posterior transperitoneal approach was performed in the OPFM group and the bilateral ovaries were removed; and in the CFM group, only the sham operations were performed. Three months later, the fracture of femoral middle shaft were created and fixed with a Kirschner pin through medullary cavity. The callus of each rat was examined by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) in 5 days and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 weeks postoperatively. Results TEM showed that the number of chondrocyte in OPFM group was greater, but function was lower than that of CFM group. Volume of collagen secreted by the chondrocyte was less and arranged irregularly during the fracture healing period in OPFM group. Number and function of osteoblasts in OPFM group were lower than that of CFM group. Extracellular collagen was disordered and sparse, but function of osteoclasts in OPFM group was more active than that of CFM group. The SEM showed that the collagen in callus of CFM group was dense and arranged in good order or pyknotic. Conclusion The fracture healing of the osteoporotic fractures is due to the decrease of the osteoblastic formation and the increase of the osteoclastic resorption as well as the poor bony healing quality.

Objective:To explore the possible specific perinatal risk factors in the development of autism through comparing the perinatal risk factors between patients with autism and other psychotic disorders.Methods: In this retrospective research,197 cases with autism and 93 cases with other psychotic disorders were selected and assessed with the self-made scale of perinatal risk factors.Statistical analyses were performed using t test and Chi-square test.Results:Compared with the control group,the autistic subjects had a significantly higher frequency of the perinatal risk factors(51 % vs.68%,P=0.003),particularly the rate of catching a cold during their mothers' pregnancy(14.2% vs.6.5%,P=0.038)and the rate of prematurity(10.7% vs.3.2%,P=0.022)than the control subjects.Feeding methods was different between the two groups(P=0.038).Conclusion:Catching a cold during mothers' pregnancy,prematurity and feeding methods may be related to the development of autism.

SUMMARY Diffusion spectrum imaging ( DSI) , a newly developed MRI technique, affords the capacity to map complex fiber architectures in tissues with sufficient angular resolution by imaging the spectra of tissue water diffusion. By contrast, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) , the currently widely used technique based on the 2nd order tensor model, obtains an approximation of the complex diffusion, and provides only one global maximal direction corresponding to the primary eigenvector for each voxel. As a generalized model-free diffusion imaging technique, firstly, DSI employs the probability density function to describe the diffusion process in each voxel; secondly, a sufficient dense signal sample derived from repeated applications of diffusion-weighed gradients ensures its capability to resolve the diffusion probability density function; thirdly, specific computer visualization techniques are used to extract the diffusion information and reconstruct the geometrical properties of tissue microstructure. The capacity to unravel complex tissue architecture, recent improvements in hardware and ongoing optimization of sequence design and algorithm enable a rapid growth of DSI for research use and future incorporation into clinical protocols. This paper introduces the basic principles of DSI and then compares the characteristics of DSI and DTI schemes. Finally, the typical applications of DSI to date are reviewed.

[Objective]To observe expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite anion around the prostheses,and study the relationship between the osteolysis and inducible nitric oxide synthase peroxyni-trite.[Method]Interface tissues were obtained at three Delee-Charnley acetabular sections and seven Gruen femur sections in six revision total hip arthroplasty surgery. The tissues were prepared for immunohistochemical assays to determine the expression of iNOS and nit rotyrosine (NT)-a specific“footprint”of peroxynitrite. Pre-revision X-ray films were observed to determine the incidence of osteolysis regions and non-osteolysis regions. The correlation between the positive cells and the severity of osteolysis were analyzed and compared.[Result]Data showed that zone Ⅲ has much higher iNOS positive immunostaining than that of zone Ⅰ and Ⅱ at acetabulum, and the expression of zone 1、2、6、7 was significantly higher than the other zone at femur(P

[Objective] To evaluate the results of open reduction with bone autografting and calcaneus reconstruction with internal fixation in treatment of intra-articular calcaneus fracture. [Methods]From January 2005 to May 2007, 17 cases/19 feet of intra-articular calcaneus fractures received treatment of reconstruction plate and bone autografting, with 15 male/18 feet, 2 female/ 2 feet. Patients’ age ranged from 19 to 67 years (mean, 37.5 years). Fracture occurred in left side in 9 cases, right in 6 cases, both sides in 2 cases. All patients received treatment of open reduction with bone autografting and calcaneus reconstruction with internal fixation.[Results]All the patients achieved bone union. One stage union was achieved in 15 feet. Poor blood-supply was found in 3 feet and bone union was achieved after systematic treatment. Wound exudation was found in 1 feet, and bone union was achieved after dressing change treatment. All patients were followed up for an average of 19.7 months (10-38 months). The average union time was 2.5 months, without infection found.X-ray and CT were used to measure Bhler angle, width and axial length, all the indexed showed significant difference (P

Objectiye To improve the diagnosis and treatment of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma(CRCC). Methods The clinical dota of 25 patients of CRCC were reviewed.Thirteen were xmales and 12 were females and thirteen on the left and twelve on the right.The mean age was 51 years.Sixteen(64%)patients were asymptomatic.Gross hematuria,low back pain and discomfort and fever occurred in the other 9 patients.Laboratory investigations showed 1 patient had raised alanine aminotransferase and 1 had high erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Results B-ultrasound was mainly characterized by low echo renal mass with intact capsule and low blood flow signals.CT and MR of CRCC were typically well circumscribed,homogeneous(unenhanced CT was 70%,MR was 73%)with no necrosis and hemorrhage,homogenous enhancement(CT was 65%,MR was 67%)and mild enhanced(CT was 65%,MR was 67 %)renal mass.Twenty-two patients with tumors＞4.0 cm had radical nephrectomy and three with tumors≤4.0 cm had partial nephrectomy.The average diameter of tumors was 7.6 cm.The cross-sections of the tumors were grossly homogeneous,pale or dark brown solid.Light microscopy showed that the tumors were composed of trabeculae or sheets with voluminous cells in pale or eosinophilic cytoplasm.Immunohistochemical assay was positive of CK8 and negative of Vimentin.The pathologic TNM stages were 8 with T1a,9 with T1b,6 with T2 and 2 with T3a.Twenty-three patients were followed up.After mean follow-up of 28 months,22 cases were tumor free.One patient had pulmonary metastasis 58 months after operation and had no reaction to interferon-α and chemotherapy and died. Conclusions The majority of CRCC patients are asymptomatic and usually with low-stages.There are some features in CT and MR appearance of CRCC such as well circumscribed and homogenous.Surgical treatment should follow the treatment principles of renal cell carcinoma and carries an excellent prognosis for most localized tumors but there has been no effective measures to treat metastasis disease.The interval between operation and metastasis is relatively long and the time of follow-up should be prolonged in CRCC.

Objective To determine the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (IPIF). Methods From December 2006 to January 2008, 24 consecutive patients with IPIF admitted to Beijing Chaoyang Hospital underwent 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring and esophageal manometry. Meanwhile, 23 patients with diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD) (excluding IPIF) admired to the hospital in the same period served as a control group. Comparison of the prevalence of pathologic esophageal acid exposure GERD symptoms, and ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) between the two groups was made. In this study, nocturnal acid exposure is defined as acid reflux episodes occurring from 10pro to 6am. Results (1) 16 out of the 24 (66. 7%) patients with IPIF were demonstrated to have pathologic esophageal acid exposure; the prevalence of GERD in IPIF patients was significantly higher than that in other DPLD patients, whose prevalence was 26. 1% (P<0.05); (2) 87.5% patients with IPIF and GERD (GERD-IPIF) had nocturnal acid exposure episodes; (3) only 37.5% of the GERD-IPIF patients was found to have typical GERD symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation; (4) The prevalence of IEM was similar in IPIF and other DPLD patients, being 42.9% and 39. 1% respectively (P >0. 05). Conclusions IPIF patients have higher prevalence of GERD and most of them usually do not show typical reflux symptoms. It is hereby suggested that IPIF patients should be screened with pH monitoring for GERD.

BACKGRUND:The high prevalence of hepatitis B virus(HBV) is related with the sexual characteristics in drug abusers.How about the relationship between prevalence of HBV/hepatitis C virus(HCV) co infection and the sexual characteristics in drug abusers? OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between sexual characteristics and HBV/HCV co infection in drug abusers. DESIGN:A cross sectional survey taking the drug abuser as the subjects. SETTING:A department of clinical laboratory of a municipal hospital,an epidemiological department of the college of public health of a university,a professional drug abuser treatment center. PARTICIPANTS:Totally 452 male and 320 female drug abusers were randomly selected from the Changsha Xinkaipu Drug Abusers Treatment Center and Zhuzhou Baimalong Female Drug Abusers Treatment Center as the subjects from 1st to 31st January 2001. INTERVENTIONS:A self designed questionnaire was used to investigate the sexual characteristics of drug abusers.HBV surface antigen and HCV antibody were detected in the serums of the participants with ELISA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The relationship between HBV/HCV co infection and the sexual behavior, numbers of sexual partners,and the usage of condom in drug abusers. RESULTS:The total prevalence of HBV/HCV co infection in drug abusers was 21.24% ; the prevalence of HBV/HCV co infection in male drug abusers was 29.6% ),which was significantly higher than that in females(9.4% )(χ 2=46.016,P< 0.01).There was no significant difference in the prevalence of HBV/HCV co infection between male and female drug abuser whether they had or had not sexual behaviors(χ 2=3.775,P >0.05).The prevalence of HBV/HCV co infection was in an ascending tendency with the increase of sexual partner(χ 2=9.846,P< 0.05).The using frequency of condom was significantly higher in females than in males(U=14.80,P< 0.01). CONCLUSION:There is no correlation between sexual experience and prevalence of HBV/HCV co infection;male drug abusers have higher prevalence of co infection than females;the number of sexual partners is correlated with the prevalence of HBV/HCV co infection,the more sexual partners,the higher prevalence is.The protective effect of condom is greater in female drug abusers than in males.