We measured the distances between both articular tubercles and between articular tubercle and foramen ovale of 120 skulls (80 males, 40 females) which were excavated from Tai Yuan area, Shanxi Province.By using the distances which we have measured and their correlations, we established two regressive equations:Y=31.33?0.03X for maleY=16.36?0.13X for femaleFor the clinical application of these measurements, one has to deduct the thickness of the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the results obtained by these equations.

Objective To observe the protection of Caspase inhibitor(zVAD-fmk,benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) on neonatal rat with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD).Methods Thirty-six neonatal rats,7 days old,were randomly divided into hypoxic-ischemic(HI) control group(A),zVAD-fmk treated group(B) and sham group(C).Before HI insult,a pan-Caspase inhibitor,zVAD-fmk or normal buffer solution was injected into the cerebral ventricle.The water content of cerebral hemisphere was measured and the percentage of apoptofic cells in hippocampal neurons was measured by Flow cytometer(Annexin V/PI) at 24 hours after HI insult.The effect on body weights(percentage of increased weight,WIP) and macroscopical changes(percentage of cortox and hippocampal dead neurons) were assessed at 14 days.Results Compared with group A,the water content of ischemic hemisphere and apoptosis percentage of hippocampal neurons in group B reduced significantly.The difference of percentage of increased weight at 14 days in group B was not significantly.Microscopic examination showed that cortox and hippocampus neural death rate in group B was proved significantly reduced compared with that in group A.Conclusion Intracerebral administration of zVAD-fmk has protective effects on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rat.

To determine the effect of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on postburn hypermetabolism postburn, sixteen male minipigs were inflicted with 35% TBSA full thickness burns, and the burned minipigs were then randomly divided into two groups: rhGH group and control group. REEs were monitored by means of Cardiorespiratory Diagnostic Systems (Medical Graphics Corporation, USA). The sequential changes in serum levels of GH, IGF 1,insulin,glucagon,cortisol,albumin were analyzed. The level of REE is significantly lower in rhGH treated groupas as compared with that of control, while the serum concentrations of GH, IGF 1, albumin are higher in the former, Body weighf gain is observed in rhGH treated group with no significant effect on serum concentration of insulin,glucagon and cortisol. RhGH therapy is thus helpful in the control of hypermetabolism after extensive burn.

Objective To explore the effect of using pedicle skin flaps for treatment of skin and soft tissue defects.Methods From January 2004 to September 2010,87 patients with skin and soft tissue injury which had been treated by using pedicle skin flaps without vessel anastomosis were retrospectively analyzed,including 61 males and 26 females with an average age of 40 years (range,14-61).The pedicle skin flaps selected were known vessel skin flaps or unknown vessel random skin flaps.The reconstruction treatment increased multiple selections of skin flaps for patients.Skin and soft tissue defects were located at the hand in 21 cases,at the lower extremities in 66.The kinds of skin flaps included adjacent transposition flaps in 50 cases,distal skin flaps in 37.The areas of the skin flaps were 2.0 cm×1.5 cm-18 cm×12 cm.Donor sites were as follows:lower leg in 61 cases,abdomen in 18,and hand in 8.Results Three patients appeared skin flaps hematoma after operation,which were removed immediately with no effect on flaps survival.Pedicle skin flap was compressed due to unstable fixation in 1 case,which made distal flap tissue necrosis approximately 2 cm in width.After dressing change for 6 weeks,the flaps got survival.Thirty seven patients underwent the second stage operation for breaking the perdicle 3 weeks after the first operation.All 87 patients were obtained follow-up for an average of 13 months (range,3-60).The total of 90.80％ patients treated with pedicle skin flaps were satisfied with the results.Conclusion Pedicle skin flap surgery can be performed more easily with less limitations of surgical designs.The survival rate of the flap is high,and the treatment of pedicle skin flaps could be well applied for soft tissue defects.

Objective To observe the effect of recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH)combined with intensive insulin therapy on the metabolism in severely burned patients.Methods From March 2001 to October 2007,15 severely burned patients were enrolled in the study,and they were categorized as rhGH combined with intensive insulin group(group I,n=6)and rhGH with insulin in ordinary dose group(group R,n=9).The excised burn wounds were closed with microautograft and allograft skin within 4 days after burn injury.Postoperatively,all patients received rhGH every night for 14 days.In group R,insulin in ordinary dose was added to glucose infusion,and in group I,an insulin pump was used to control blood glucose at 4-8mmol/L.Blood samples were collected for determination of blood glucose,K+,serum amino acid profile,and proalbumin,and urinary 3-MH were also measured.Results The concentration of blood glucose,K+,blood amino acids and urinary 3-MH in group I became lower than that in group R 3 days after surgery(P

Objective To study the emergency treatment,diagnosis and integrative treatment for the patients with severe burn injury combined with inhalation injury.Methods Thirty-five burn victims in a mass casualty were airlifted to our Burns Institute from a remote area on second day post-burn,including 14 patients who had received emergent tracheostomy for inhalation injury.After hospitalization,bronchoscopic examinations were done for further evaluating the inhalation injury,and timely locating and removing of sputum crust and necrotic mucosa from the airway in patients with signs of dyspnea,and helping decide the opportune time of removing the tracheostomy tube.The "artificial nose" and intratracheal instillation and lavage were used for humidifying the mucosa of the tracheobronchial tree.The stryker frame,vibrator and expectorant were also used to facilitate expectoration.Epidermis growth factor was topically used for promoting the restoration of the injured endotracheal mucosa.Results The degree of inhalation injury in fourteen patients with tracheostomy was identified through bronchoscopy as moderate(3 cases),severe(8 cases),and very severe(3 cases).The tracheostomy tubes were removed within one week in seven patients(50.0%),and during the second week post-burn in six patients(43%).The removal of tube was delayed in the remaining patients until 42nd day post-burn because of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.Pulmonary infection occurred in two patients on the 10th day post-burn,and pathogens were found in tracheo-bronchial discharge in three patients.Conclusion Emergent tracheostomy should be performed the earlier the better for severe inhalation injury,and bronchoscopy was desirable for distinct diagnosis and treatment,especially for estimating the repair of tracheal mucosa and deciding the time for removal of the tracheostomy tube.Moistening the tracheo-bronchial tree through instillation of fluid with drugs and "artificial nose",and the use of Stryker frame,vibrator and expectorant were effective in facilitating expectoration and preventing lung infection.Topical use of epidermis growth factor may be helpful for the repair of injured tracheal mucosa.

Objective To introduce the successful experiences in treating 35 burned victims transferred from a remote area.Methods Thirty-five burned casualties were transferred to our burns institute from a remote area on the post-burn day 2,May 28,2006.All of them were males,age ranged from 17 to 46 years with mean of 22.4?8.7 years.The mean total burned area was 13.6%?12.9% TBSA(ranged from 4% to 75%).Among them,32 patients also manifested the signs of severe inhalation injury.In all of the patients,heart function,pulmonary function,liver function,renal function,and coagulation function were abnormal.Therefore,they were in critical condition with multiple complications,demanding most meticulous care.On this occasion,our strategies consisted of dispatching experienced surgeons and nurses to the referring hospitals and the airport to accept the patients to give appropriate care to them during the journey.The medical staff was well organized to insure that each of them was ordained specific duty.The conditions of patients were evaluated immediately and appropriate treatment was expeditiously started to arrest those lethal complications on arrival.Timely and exact comprehensive treatments were prerequisite to save the patients' life.Adequate metabolic support should be emphasized,and either coagulant or anticoagulant treatment should be given when indicated.Results All of the patients survived.Conclusion In dealing with mass burn casualties,organizational work is essential to prevent any untoward complications during the transportation,and the staff of the receiving hospital sheald also be organized to treat any life-threatening conditions on arrival of the palients.Meticulous care should be given to all the patients,and fatal complications are expeditionsly treated in order to achieve a satisfactory result.

This paper discusses the research of a digital hearing aid based on DSP TMS320C5416,in which a series of prevalent algorithms in digital hearing aid are realized including dynamic range compression,frequency compression,noise-reduction,directional multi-microphone,etc.This project provides some experience for national development of the hardware and software of the digital hearing aid based on DSP.

Objective To explore the feasibility and efficacy of selective arterial embolization for the treatment of hemobilia occurred after biliary tract surgery.Methods The clinical data of 16 patients with massive hemobilia after biliary tract operation,who were treated in our hospital during the period from March 1989 to August 2009,were retrospectively analyzed.Conservative treatment of hemobilia was initially adopted in all patients,and,if it failed,interventional management was carried out.Emergent artery angiography was performed in all patients,which was followed by selective arterial embolization of the bleeding arteries with Gelfoam particles and coils.Results Of the total 16 cases,15 received selective arterial embolization therapy and the remaining one died.No re-bleeding occurred during a follow-up period of 8 months to 3 years.Conclusion For the treatment of arterial hemobilia occurred after biliary tract surgery,selective arterial embolization with Gelfoam particles and coils is a safe,mini-invasive and effective therapy with few complications.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM: To study the protective effect of ischemia preconditioning ( IPC ) on ischemia/reperfusion ( IR)-damaged myocardium in young and old rats .METHODS: Male Wistar rats aged at 3 months ( young ) and 20 months ( old) were used to establish myocardial IPC model and IR model with the method of Langendorff heart perfusion . The rats were divided into young ischemia/reperfusion ( YIR) group, young ischemic preconditioning ( YPC) group, old ischemia/reperfusion ( OIR) group and old ischemic preconditioning ( OPC) group.Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructural changes of myocardial tissue and myocardial mitochondria .The myocardial infarction area was determined by TTC staining .The lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) content in coronary effluent fluid and the levels of su-peroxide dismutase ( SOD) and malondialdehyde ( MDA) in myocardial tissues were detected by the method of colorimetry . The levels of nitrated and carbonylated proteins in myocardial tissue were measured by ELISA .The myocardial cell apopto-sis was analyzed by TUNEL assay .The mitochondrial respiratory function and mitochondrial permeability transition pore o-pening induced by calcium load were evaluated by oxygen electrode method .RESULTS: Compared with YIR group , the myocardial infarction area in YPC group was obviously smaller , SOD activity in myocardial tissues increased , LDH activity in coronary effluent fluid and the content of MDA decreased , and the levels of nitrated and carbonylated proteins in the car-diac tissues reduced .In YPC group, the mitochondrial membrane structure appeared intact , cristae of the mitochondria showed close arrangement , and the matrix was compressed under the electron microscope .Myocardial mitochondrial respir-atory control rate , state Ⅲoxygen consumption and the P/O ratio in YIR group all significantly increased , proton leak de-creased, mitochondrial swelling induced by calcium distinctly reduced , and myocardial apoptosis rate declined .No signifi-cant difference of the above indexes between OIR group and OPC group was observed .Compared with YPC group , myocar-dial ultrastructural damage increased clearly , cardiac oxidative stress increased , mitochondrial respiratory function de-clined, and cell apoptosis and necrosis increased in OPC group .CONCLUSION:Ischemic preconditioning has protective effect against myocardial IR injury in young rat hearts , while old rat hearts were less sensitive to ischemic preconditioning , leading to bluntness of cardioprotection with IPC in aging hearts .This may be related to mitochondrial injury and severe cel-lular apoptosis caused by increase of cardiac oxidative stress levels in the aging ischemic preconditioning heart .