BACKGROUND:Establishing an animal model of lung transplantation has operational significance to the development of clinical lung transplantation.
OBJECTIVE:To analyze and summarize animal selection, model establishment method, points to note and mechanism of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and pulmonary immune rejection in the establishment of animal models as preclinical research of lung transplantation.
METHODS:A computer-based retrieval of CNKI and PubMed database from January 1982 to September 2013 was performed for literature related to lung transplantation. The key words were“lung transplantation, animal models, reperfusion injury”in English and Chinese, respectively. After eliminating duplicate and obsolete literature,50 articles were included for further analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Currently, animal experiments about al ogeneic lung transplantation are
common, which are of significance for clinical lung transplantation. Single lung transplantation is mainly seen in animal models. The commonly used lung transplantation models include single lung orthotopic murine model, rabbit orthotopic lung transplantation, canine and porcine orthotopic left lung transplantation, canine bilateral sequential lung pulmonary transplantation, autologous pig lung transplant model, rabbit lung ischemia-reperfusion model. Because the anatomical and physiological features are similar to humans, pigs are becoming the preferred choice for large animal experiments. Animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in lung transplantation represents a biphasic pattern:early occurrence of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (24 hours after infusion) is related to lung donors, and the late occurrence mainly depends on receptors. Its pathophysiology runs through the whole process of donor lung resection, preservation and reperfusion as wel as postoperative management. Immune rejection is a complex immune response induced by identifying the donor cellsurface histocompatibility antigen, and activated T lymphocytes play a crucial role in the immune response in organ transplantation.

Objective: To investigate the rational use of antibiotics in the elderly patients with cerebral infarction complicated with pulmonary infection.Methods: A retrospective investigation was used to analyze the drug resistance of 86 cases of elderly patients with cerebral infarction complicated with pulmonary infection.The data were collected from the consultation records of clinical pharmacists in Xuanwu hospital from February 2013 to November 2015.Results: The pathogenic bacteria mainly distributed to Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the drug resistance rate was 48.89%.After the consultation, the rate of combination therapy increased from 20.23% to 61.63%.After using sensitive antibiotics, such as cefperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-sulbactar and amikacin, the infectious indices recovered significantly (P＜0.05).The case proportion with BUN/SrCr＞20 in 27 cases complicated with impaired renal function was 62.9%, and although the patients didn''t use antibiotics with reduced doses, the indices of infection and renal function improved in a certain degree (P＜0.05).The case proportion with ALB and PAB decreasing was 53.49%, and after the consultation, all the infectious indices decreased and protein levels increased (P＜0.05).Conclusion: More attention should be paid to the elderly patients with cerebral infarction complicated with pulmonary infection, and sensitive antibiotics with single or combination drug therapy should be used according to the distribution of resistant bacteria.For the renal failure patients, the kind of renal failure should be clear, and then the appropriate dosage of antibiotics should be adjusted.For the patients with malnutrition, adequate protein intake contributes to the recovery of infection.The clinical symptoms and laboratory indices should be integrated to effectively develop rational treatment for the elderly patients with cerebral infarction complicated with pulmonary infection.

Contraindications ; Hearing Aids ; Humans

Objective To evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of selective portal vein embolization (SPVE) in treatment of liver tumor in rats and to provide the groundwork for its future clinical applications. Methods 24 healthy rats underwent the embolization. Pre and post SPVE portogram and liver chemical profile were obtained. Four rats were sacrificed at 10 min, 7,14, 21 and 28 days respectively following follow up portography. The liver, heart, lungs and kidneys were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Fifteen rats implanted with Walker 256 tumor sized from 3 to 10 mm in liver were scanned with MRI and portography pre SPVE taken. Post SPVE 3 rats were examined with MRI for each group at the same interval as above and the lives were examined microscopically. Results (1) The blood flow to the target portal branches were immediately halted after SPVE. These vessels remained occluded without collateral formation up to 28 days. (2) The liver indexes and BUN level increased after embolization, but returned to normal within 21 d. Macroscopic and microscopic changes were not found in the heart, lungs or kidneys. (3) In the healthy rats, the affected segment was atrophic and the remaining liver underwent compensatory hypertrophy. Histologic examination revealed that the targeted portal veins were coagulated, the endothelium were degenerated and the local hepatocytes were necrotic after embolization. (4) In the rats with implanted liver tumor, the affected segment including the tumor was necrotic and atrophic. The tumors were completely necrotic, and no viable tumor cell was seen under microscope in 12 among the 15 rats. Three tumors 10 mm in diameter were not completely necrotic. Part of tumor cells were still alive and infiltrated into the surrounding liver. Conclusion SPVE with ethanol is effective in the treatment of small liver tumor in rats. However,in case of bigger tumors involving several segments, SPVE should be combined with other treatment.

CdSe/ZnSquantumdots(QDs)werepreparedandcovalentlylinkedtoanti-katacalcinmonoclonal antibodies. After modification, the QDs' maximum emission wavelength was shifted to 625 nm from 620 nm while maintaining the spectral properties. Then the QDs labeled lateral flow strip and corresponding fluorescence measuring instrument were designed and fabricated. To reduce the cost of strip by reducing the amounts of monoclonal antibodies, appropriate amounts of QDs labeled monoclonal antibodies were sprayed on the conjugation pad, with just one test line on the strip but without the control line. Parameters of the strip were optimized by measuring the signal to noise ratio. By using the strip and fluorescence measuring instrument, procalcitonin (PCT) could be detected in 20 min, and the quantitative detection range was 0. 2-100 μg/L with sensitivity of 0. 1 μg/L. A total of 22 blood samples were measured by both our method and the commercial instrument used in the hoptital. The results were consistent for their Pearson correlation coefficient (0. 9995) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (Sig=1. 0). The rapid quantitative detection method for PCT is of great importance to quantitative detection of bacterial infection and rational usage of antibiotics clinically.

Objective To investigate CT features of subconjunctival fat prolapse and choristoma. Methods Thirty-eight patients, including 18 with subconjunctival fat prolapse and 20 with choristoma, were retrospectively analyzed. Transverse plain CT scan was performed in all the patients, and then coronal plane images was reconstructed at CT workstation. Results CT features of subconjunctival fat prolapse revealed a crescent-shaped or horn-shaped fat density mass continuous with the orbital fat in the superior temporal quadrant of the orbit. CT features of choristoma revealed a crescent-shaped or triangle fat density mass incontinuous with the orbital fat in the temporal side. Conclusion Subconjunctival fat prolapse typically occurs in bilateral superior temporal quadrant of the orbit in elderly males. Subconjunctival choristoma occurs in the unilateral temporal side in adolescent. CT is helpful to distinguish subconjunctival fat prolapse and choristoma.

Objective To review the clinical features of chronic daily headache (CDH).Methods The clinical data of 128 patients with chronic daily headache,including general condition,characteristics of headache,concomitant symptom and disability were analyzed retrospectively.The features of primary chronic daily headache (PCDH) and medication over-dose headache (MOH) were compared.Results Among 128 cases females accounted for 79.7％ with an average age of 45.2 years and 88 patients were associated with drug overdose.The symptoms included nausea (68/128),photophobia (75/128),phonophobia (102/ 128),depression (77/128) and irritability (93/128),sleep disorders (94/128),dizziness (75/128),emotional irritability(58/128) and depression(21/128).The migraine disability assessment questionnaire and headache impact test-6 scores showed that disability was resulted from the severe degree of headache in 62.2％ (51/82) and 73.2％ (82/112) of CDH patients respectively.Compared with PCDH patients,the MOH patients had older age (t =2.59,P =0.011),longer duration (t =2.48,P =0.015) and severer degree of headache(t =5.58,P =0.018),and chronic migraine (t =11.95.P =0.001) was the most common primary headache type.Conclusions Most CDH patients are middle-aged women,with moderate to severe pain,usually complicated with depression,dysphoria and asomnia.Chronic daily headache patients are commonly associated with drug overdose.

As highly active anti-retroviral therapy continues, large numbers of drug-resistant strains appeared in human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) infectors, which always leads to a decline of treatment results or even a treatment failure.The genotypic resistance analysis technique of the bioinformatics is a powerful tool to forecast the HIV resistance and also determines the success or failure of antiviral therapy.This review will be focus on the advantages and disadvantages, influence factor of the genotype resistance prediction and improve measure of the primary HIV drug resistance genotype interpretation system, depending on the principle and characteristics of the genotypic drug resistance analysis as the breakthrough point, in order to provide guidance for reasonable application of different genotypes drug resistance analysis system in China.

BACKGROUND:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is progressive respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitation.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel transplantation in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
METHODS:Sixty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, model and treatment groups (n=20 per group). Rat models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were made in the model and treatment group, while no treatment was done in the control group. After modeling, rats in the treatment group were given tail vein injection of CM-Dil-labeled adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s, and rats in the model and control groups given the same amount of normal saline. Rat pulmonary ventilation function, inflammatory factor level and pathological changes of the lung were detected at 14 days after cel transplantation.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After modeling, reduced lung function was found in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the cel transplantation significantly improved this reduction (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, significantly reduced indexes were visible in the treatment group (P<0.05), including the total number of white blood cel s, the number of macrophages and neutrophils, levels of interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factorαand C-reactive protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as wel as serum level of malondialdehyde, while serum superoxide dismutase activity was increased significantly in the treatment group (P<0.05). In the treatment group, emphysema-like changes were mitigated and CM-Dil-labeled adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel s were capable of homing to the lung tissue of rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and survived. Al these findings show that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cel transplantation can improve lung function of rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and reduce inflammatory response, which has for certain some therapeutic effects.

Comet Assay