Bile acids play critical roles in the solubilization and absorption of lipids. The ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter( ASBT)located at the enterocyte brush border is responsible for the reuptake of bile acids and the maintenance of bile acid homeostasis. Recently,great success has been made in understanding the relationship between ASBT and intestinal inflammation,tumorigenesis,secretion,motility,sensation,gut microbiota,and gut-liver axis in addition to its expression regulation,which implicates ASBT as a contributor of some gastrointestinal diseases and a promising new therapeutic target for these diseases. In this review article,the advances in study on above-mentioned issues were summarized.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of autophagy inducer rapamycin on acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by sepsis. Methods Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were randomly divided into sham group, caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model group, and rapamycin treatment group (Rap treatment group), with 8 rats in each group. The septic AKI model was reproduced by CLP in rats, and rats in sham group were given appendix isolation without ligation and puncture. The rats in Rap treatment group were given 1.6 mg rapamycin by intraperitoneal injection immediately after model reproduction, and the rats in CLP model group were injected with an equal amount of normal saline. The rats in all groups were sacrificed after collecting peripheral blood specimen at 24 hours after model reproduction, and the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were determined. The pathomorphology change in renal tissue was observed under light microscope after periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, RT-PCR) was used to determine the mRNA expressions of renal tubular autophagy related molecules Atg-5 and Beclin-1. Western Blot was used to detect the expressions of renal tubular autophagy associated protein microtubule labeled protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ (LC3-Ⅱ) and Beclin-1 as well as apoptosis protein cytochrome C (Cyt C), Bax and Bcl-2. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to determine the renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. Results Rapamycin could alleviate pathomorphology changes in rats with septic AKI, and decrease the levels of BUN and SCr. Compared with sham group, the expressions of Atg-5, Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ in CLP model group were significantly increased [Atg-5 mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 2.34±0.04 vs. 1.00±0.03, Beclin-1 mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 1.40±0.02 vs. 1.00±0.03, LC3-Ⅱ protein (gray value): 0.82±0.03 vs. 0.45±0.04, Beclin-1 protein (gray value): 0.59±0.06 vs. 0.29±0.03, all P < 0.01]. Rapamycin could further up-regulate the expressions of Atg-5, Beclin-1, and LC3 Ⅱ [Atg-5 mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 3.28±0.19 vs. 2.34±0.04, Beclin-1 mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 2.38±0.08 vs. 1.40±0.02, LC3-Ⅱ protein (gray value): 1.11±0.07 vs. 0.82±0.03, Beclin-1 protein (gray value): 0.85±0.05 vs. 0.59±0.06, all P < 0.01]. Compared with sham group, the apoptotic cells in CLP model group were increased significantly [(34.49±10.45)% vs. (2.78±1.40)%, P < 0.01], Cyt C and Bax protein expressions were significantly up-regulated (gray value: 0.87±0.02 vs. 0.46±0.03, 1.20±0.06 vs. 0.46±0.01, both P < 0.01), and Bcl-2 expression was significantly down-regulated (gray value: 0.64±0.02 vs. 1.33±0.09, P < 0.01). Rapamycin could effectively inhibit cell apoptosis [(15.44±5.50)% vs. (34.49±10.45)%, P < 0.01] and the protein expressions of Cyt C and Bax (gray value: 0.72±0.03 vs. 0.87±0.02, 0.84±0.03 vs. 1.20±0.06, both P < 0.01), and up-regulate the protein expression of Bcl-2 (gray value: 0.77±0.04 vs. 0.64±0.02, P < 0.01). Conclusion The protective effect of rapamycin on renal tissue of rat with AKI induced by sepsis was depended on cell apoptosis inhibition through inducing and promoting cell autophagy.

Nuclear medicine can not only display the anatomical structure of organs or lesions, but also provide the information of blood flow, function, metabolism and receptor density of organs and lesions in digestive system . It is not only complementary to computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in organic diseases of digestive system, but aslo has unique clinical value in functional diseases of digestive system.

This study is to compare the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of liposomal mitoxantrone (Mit-lipo) and free mitoxantrone (Mit-free). The antineoplastic effect of Mit-lipo was evaluated on PC-3 human xenograft tumor model after repeated intravenous injection at dose levels of 1, 2 and 4 mg x kg(-1). The pharmacokinetic study of Mit-lipo and Mit-free was performed on dogs following a single intravenous injection. The tissue distribution of Mit-lipo and Mit-free was observed on S-180 bearing mice after a single intravenous injection. (1) Pharmacodynamics: Mit-lipo dose-dependently inhibited PC-3 tumor growth at a dose ranging from 1 to 4 mg x kg(-1). The antitumor effect studies showed that Mit-lipo significantly improved the therapeutic effect in comparison with free drug. (2) Pharmacokinetics: in comparison with Mit-free, the AUC and t(1/2) values of Mit-lipo at the same dose level were higher than those of Mit-free in Beagle dogs. The results showed that Mit-lipo had long circulation characteristics. (3) Tissue distribution in S-180 bearing mice: compared to Mit-free, Mit-lipo preferentially accumulated into tumor zones instead of normal tissues. Tumor AUC in Mit-lipo treated animals was 8.7 fold higher than that in mice treated with the same dose of Mit-free. The Cmax values of Mit-lipo in heart, kidney, lung, spleen and intestinal tissue in Mit-lipo were 30.2%, 161.6%, 20.2%, 27.9% and 78.3% lower than those of Mit-free, respectively. The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Mit-lipo changed obviously, thus increasing therapeutic effect and improving drug therapeutic index.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the influence of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) on tumor regression in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods 272 patients with NPC received radical radiotherapy alone,196 by IMRT with a total treatment time of 6 weeks,and 76 by bilateral field conventional radiotherapy (CRT) with the total treatment timc of 7 weeks.Results By the end of radiotherapy,the primary tumor and neck lymph node residual rates of the IMRT group were 36.7％ and 44.2％,respectively,both significantly higher than those of the GRT group (21.1％ and 26.6％,x2 =6.15,3.99,P ＜ 0.05).Three months after the radiotherapy,residual lesions were observed at the nasopharynx or neck lymph nodes in 12 of the IMRT group,with a residual rate of 6.1％,not significantly different from that of the CRT group (9.2％,7/76).The 12 residual lesions of the IMRT group all vanished completely 4 -9 months after the radiotherapy.Conclusions There is an obvious difference in regressive mode between IMRT and CRT technique in NPC treatment.At the end of IMRT,the tumor residual rate is slightly increased.However,the delivered dose of gross tumor volume (GTV) is sufficient,and the boost dose should not be delivered indiscreetly.

ObjectiveTo investigate the health status and incidence of alcohol abuse of Xinjiang community residents.MethodsThrough multi-stage random sampling,1992 community residents ( 15-65years old) were assessed using socio-demographic information questionnaire,alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and self-rated health measurement scale-prior test(SHRMS).Single factor analysis and rank sum test were used to identify the incidence of alcohol abuse,the distribution of different populations,and the self-rated health status of abusers.ResultsTotally 298 cases of alcohol abuse were identified,and accordingly,the prevalence rate of alcohol abuse for general population was 15.1％ ( male 26.4％,female 4.8％ ).Key factors for alcohol abuse included male,middle-aged,well-educated,at work,administrative work,high income levels and large number of household.The differences among groups were statistical significant.Presumably the workplace population was at high risk of alcohol abuse.Alcohol abusers were significantly worse than general population in self-rated health status(P ＜ 0.01 ),especially in mental health and social health.ConclusionThe incidence of alcohol abuse is relatively high in Xinjiang rcgion,and the problem need more attention.Further survey and early intervention work for highrisk group are advised to achieve the purpose of prevention and control.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of 16 ku-38 ku-ESAT-6 protein in tuberculosis (TB). Methods ELISA was used for measuring the level of recombinant 16 ku-38 ku-ESAT-6 protein in 105 TB patients (TB group,26 patients with smear-positive, 79 patients with smear-negative) and 45 controls (control group, 20 healthy volunteers and 25 subjects with pulmonary diseases other than TB). The value of the antigen for diagnosis of TB in serodiagnosis was assessed, and ROC curve evaluation system was established. Results In control group, the positive rate of anti-recombinant 16 ku-38 ku-ESAT-6 protein and commercialization of TB antibody test kit had significant difference [6.67% (3/45) vs. 51.11% (23/45)](P＜0.01);but in TB group, there was no significant difference [59.05%(62/105) vs. 64.76% (68/105)](P＞0.05). The optical density value in TB group and control group was 2.22 ± 0.58 and 1.35 ± 0.24,and there was significant difference(t = 6.06,P＜ 0.01). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the test was 59.05%,93.33%,95.38%,49.41% respectively. Analyzed by ROC curve, the area under the curve was 0.751, the- value of cutoff was 2.52, and sensitivity and specificity was 65.4% and 84.8%. Conclusions Recombinant 16 ku -38 ku -ESAT-6 protein of mycobacterium tuberculosis has higher specificity, and it can significantly distinguish TB and non-TB. So it might be selected as one of diagnosis antigens of TB.

Objective To investigate the tendency of quality of life in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with conventional radiotherapy. Methods Quality of life in NPC patients was assessed using FACT-H&N and NPC-QOL Patients were divided into nine groups according to the treatment period :before treatment group, 0 -20 Gy group, 20 -50 Gy group, > 50 Gy group, 0 -6 months after treatment group, 6 - 12 mouths group, 1 -2 years group, 2 -3 years group and 3 -5 years group. Scores of FACT-H&N and NPC-QOL were compared between the either two groups. Results 450 NPC patients were assessed. The total score of FACT-H&N decreased during the treatment and then increased six months after the treatment. The tendencies of physical and functional well-being were similar. The social/family and emotional well-being did not change significantly along with the treatment but the scores of head and neck well-being and NPC-QOL decreased obviously. Xerotomia was aggravated from the initiation of treatment and became the most severe at 6 - 12 months after treatment. 50% - 60% of the patients with disease-free reported severe xerotomia at 3 -5 years after radiotherapy. Incidence of severe trismus increased up to 14% at 3 -5 years after treatment. Conclusions Quality of life of NPC patients with conventional radiotherapy deteriorates during the treatment period, but recovers to the normal level six months after the treatment. Xerotomia and trismus can affect the quality of life of NPC patients.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the prognostic factors for locoregionally recurrent early?stage extranodal nasal?type natural killer/T?cell lymphoma ( NKTCL) . Methods A total of 56 patients with early?stage extranodal nasal?type NKTCL, who had locoregional recurrence after initial treatment and then received salvage treatment from 1995 to 2014, were enrolled as subjects. The effects of salvage treatment on the overall survival ( OS) rate were analyzed after initial treatment and recurrence. Univariate and multivariate prognostic analyses were performed on the OS rate after recurrence. Results The median follow?up time was 35. 9 months after initial treatment and 14. 8 months after recurrence. The 3?year OS rate was 73% after initial treatment and 58% after recurrence. Compared with chemotherapy alone, radiotherapy?containing salvage treatment significantly improved the OS rates after initial treatment and recurrence ( P=0. 040, 0. 009 ) , and re?irradiation also significantly improved the OS rates after initial treatment and recurrence (P=0. 018, 0. 019). Most (84%) of the acute and late adverse reactions after re?irradiation were grade 1?2 ones. The univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the Karnofsky Performance Status score, radiotherapy in initial treatment, and radiotherapy in salvage treatment were influencing factors for the OS rate after recurrence. Conclusions Radiotherapy achieves improved survival and tolerable toxicities, making it indispensable in the treatment of locoregionally recurrent extranodal nasal?type NKTCL.

Objective To analysis the characteristics of thromboelastography and coagulation test in patients with advanced pregnancy combined with severe preeclampsia. Methods A retrospective single?center study was conducted. 35 patients with advanced pregnancy combined with se?vere preeclampsia who were admitted to hospital from January 2012 to December 2014 were analyzed compared to 43 third trimester patients with?out any complication. All the patients were treated based on the routine strategy. Blood sample were taken from the middle elbow vein to test blood cell count,serum biochemistry test,routine coagulation test and thromboelastography. All the results,including R,K,CI,α?angle and MA value, were compared between two groups. Analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between all parameters of TEG and coagulation test. Re?sults There was no statistical significance between two groups in age ,prothrombin time and activated partial prothrombin time. In the severe pre?eclampsia group,the R value of TEG was increased(5.21±1.20 min vs 6.19±1.55 min,t=-3.144,P=0.002),α?angel was decreased(64.43°± 7.90° vs 60.37°±7.09°,t=2.367,P=0.02),and CI was decreased(0.81±2.27 vs-0.37±1.82,t=2.495,P=0.015). In blood cell count test,the platelets count was decreased in severe preeclampsia group[(217.48±65.68)×109/L vs(166.65±61.39)×109/L,t=3.500,P=0.001]. In routine coagulation test,only thrombin clotting time was increased in severe preeclampsia group(14.59±0.51 s vs 15.28±0.97 s,F=-3.800,P<0.001). In serum biochemistry test,the albumin was decreased in severe preeclampsia group(34.75±3.90 g/L vs 28.77±4.05 g/L,t=6.632,P<0.001),while serum urea nitrogen was increased(2.78±0.87 mmol/L vs 5.98±8.07 mmol/L,F=-2.333,P=0.026). In correlation analysis,thrombin clot?ting time had relationship between R(r=0.290,P=0.010),CI(r=-0.257,P=0.023)andα?angle(r=-0.243,P=0.032). Platelets count cor?related with CI(r=0.383,P=0.001),K(r=-0.409,P<0.001),α?angle(r=0.375,P=0.001)and MA(r=0.512,P<0.001). Conclusion For those who suffered from severe preeclampsia patients with advanced pregnancy,low coagulation function occurs in most of the patients com?pared to those patients without any complications. Thromboelastography may be helpful for those who have high risk factors ,especially with low platelets count and increased thrombin clotting time ,so as to reduce the incidence of bleeding or thromboembolic diseases.